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Applied Kinesiology > Muscle Structure and Function > Flashcards

Muscle Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

sarcomere

A

fundamental unit within muscle fiber

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2
Q

contractile proteins

A

shorten muscle fiber and generate active force

actin and myosin

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3
Q

non-contractile proteins

A

support the structure of the muscle fiber

titin: provides passive tension
desmin: stabilizes alignment of adjacent sarcomeres

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4
Q

what extracellular connective tissues are in muscle?

A

collagen and elastin

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5
Q

fusiform muscle

A

parallel fibers attach to central tendon

longer

greater ROM potential

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6
Q

pennate muscle

A

oblique fibers approach central tendon

shorter

smaller ROM

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7
Q

which muscle fiber type has more fibers per area?

A

pennate

results in greater strength and force production

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8
Q

force couple

A

like a synergist

formed when 2 or more muscles simultaneously produce force in different linear directions but produce torque in the same direction

angular motion in the same direction

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9
Q

advantage of isometric movements

A

allows contraction of the muscle without movement thru full ROM

useful for early post op rehab

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10
Q

advantage of isokinetic

A

allows ability to adjust resistance throughout ROM of the muscle to account for stronger/weaker areas

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11
Q

high forces generated by eccentric contractions are a result of what?

A

greater average forced produced per cross bridge

more rapid reattachment phase of cross bridge formation

passive tension produced by viscoelastic properties of stretched muscle

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12
Q

which type of movement caused more overall muscle damage?

A

eccentric movements

more force production and less metabolic fatigue, greater microtrauma and strength gains, greater muscle hypertrophy

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13
Q

tension

A

force built up within a muscle

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14
Q

where does active tension come from?

A

contractile units

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15
Q

what builds passive tension?

A

stretching

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16
Q

total tension

A

combination of active and passive tension

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17
Q

tone

A

slight tension in muscle at all times; state of readiness

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18
Q

what happens when a muscle is stretched?

A

spring-like resistance (stiffness) is generated within the muscle

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19
Q

passive tension

A

when a muscle is stretched and resistance is generated

attributed to elastic forces produced by non-contractile elements

20
Q

passive length tension curve

A

created after critical length

tension is increased as the tissue is stretched

high tensions results in rupture or failure

21
Q

what does steepness depend on in the passive length tension curve?

A

muscle architecture

amount and type of supporting connect tissue

22
Q

what effect does passive tension have on a joint?

A

stabilize or move a joint

23
Q

what are some limited functional effectiveness in the passive length tension curve?

A

delayed mechanical responsiveness

significant amount of lengthening that occurs before meaningful passive tension is generated

24
Q

active length tension curve

A

generating active force

potential cross bridges decrease as the muscle is stretched or shortened from resting length, therefore less active force can be generated

25
Q

what does the peak of curve in the active length tension curve indicate?

A

ideal resting length: length that allows the greatest number of cross bridges which ultimately produce the greatest force

26
Q

total length tension curve

A

passive and active tension working together to achieve greater force

prior to resting length force generated by active means a force must be produced to get rid of the slack

27
Q

what happens to passive tension once it’s stretched beyond resting length in the total length tension curve?

A

it contributes to overall force

28
Q

what happens when passive tension is added?

A

active force is diminished

29
Q

what happens after active force is completely gone?

A

passive tension dominates

30
Q

what determines the amount of tension present?

A

muscle length

31
Q

how can a muscle produce greater force?

A

by putting a stretch on it prior to contracting

ex: pulling a rubber band before snapping it

32
Q

what is significant about 1 joint muscles?

A

have sufficient excursion to allow joint to move through the entire ROM

less contracting force as compared to 2 joint muscles

33
Q

what is significant about 2 joint muscles?

A

may not have sufficient excursion to allow joint to move through combined range of all joints that it crosses

advantage of maintaining greater contracting force through a wider range

34
Q

what is passive tension dependent on? where do we see high levels of this?

A

stiffness of the muscle

muscles that cross multiple joints

35
Q

passive insufficiency

A

when a muscle is of insufficient length to permit full ROM

can only occur at 2 joint muscles

36
Q

tenodesis grasp

A

passive movement of tendons in response to passive insufficiency

37
Q

active insufficiency

A

point at which a 2-joint muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any farther and diminished ability of a muscle to produce force – ex: when a muscle is over shortened

insufficient power to contract further

38
Q

what does isometric force indicate?

A

indicator of peak strength and the measure of neuromuscular recovery

its the max effort against a known external force
shape dependent on muscle group

39
Q

how can internal torque be measured?

A

by isometric contraction at several joint angles

larger moment arm creates greater torque

40
Q

what is the best way to measure isometric force?

A

handheld dynamometer

41
Q

what is force output highly dependent on?

A

muscle length

42
Q

force velocity curve

A

velocity of the shortening of a muscle is concentrically contracting is inversely related to the external load; increase load = decrease speed

velocity of the lengthening of an eccentrically contracting muscle is proportional to the external load; increase load = increase speed

43
Q

force time relationship

A

force generated by a muscle is proportional to the contraction time up until max contraction

greater the contraction time the greater the force up to max contraction

44
Q

what is the purpose of stretching?

A

lengthen the resting length of a muscle

should be performed on relaxed muscle

different stretches depending on how many joints it crosses

45
Q

how do you stretch a 1 joint muscle?

A

you must put the 2 joint muscle on slack to stretch the 1 joint muscle

example: gastroc vs soleus

Applied Kinesiology (14 decks)

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