Key Features of the Gait Phase

Question 1

when is heel rocker initiated during initial contact

Answer 1

when calcaneus contacts support surface

heel is fulcrum about which the foot rotates during LR

Question 2

what is the critical event of the initial contact phase

Answer 2

heel first contact

Question 3

what are the key features of the loading response

Answer 3

heel rocker continues
shock absorption
forward propulsion through hip extension

Question 4

what is the critical event of loading response

Answer 4

hip stability
controlled knee flexion
controlled ankle plantar flexion

Question 5

when does the 2nd rocker occur

Answer 5

ankle rocker

mid stance when tibia rotates forward about talocrural axis – tibia progresses over talus

Question 6

what are the key features during mid stance

Answer 6

shock absorption
stabilize in single limb support
forward progression

Question 7

what is the critical event for mid stance phase

Answer 7

controlled tibial advancement

Question 8

when does the 3rd rocker occur

Answer 8

forefoot rocker

terminal stance when heel lifts off support surface and mid & hindfoot rotate about the extending MTP joints

Question 9

what are the key features of the terminal stance

Answer 9

continued stabilization in single limb support

forward propulsion through plantarflexion

Question 10

what is the critical event of terminal stance

Answer 10

controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise

Question 11

when does the 4th rocker occur

Answer 11

toe rocker

preswing when limb is rapidly unloaded and weight is transferred to contralateral limb

Question 12

what are the key features of pre swing

Answer 12

continued forward propulsion through plantarflexion

hallux limitus can affect this

Question 13

what is the critical event of the pre-swing phase

Answer 13

passive knee flexion to 40 degrees and ankle plantar flexion

Question 14

what are the key features of the initial swing

Answer 14

forward propulsion of swing leg through hip flexion

foot clearance –> majority of foot clearance attributed to knee flexion

Question 15

critical event of initial swing

Answer 15

hip flexion to 15 degrees and knee flexion to 60 degrees

Question 16

what are the key features of the mid swing

Answer 16

forward propulsion of swing leg through hip flexion

foot clearance –> majority of foot clearance attributed to DF to neutral

Question 17

critical event of mid swing

Answer 17

further hip flexion to 25 degrees

ankle dorsiflexion to 0 degrees

Question 18

what are the key features of terminal swing

Answer 18

prepare for initial contact –> controlled knee extension and ankle positioned into less supination

Question 19

critical event of terminal swing

Answer 19

knee extension to neutral – possibly 5 degrees of flexion

Question 20

in the sagittal plane the hip is what at initial contact..

Answer 20

flexed at initial contact and moves into extension

Question 21

when does maximum hip extension occur

Answer 21

at the end of terminal stance

Question 22

how many degrees of hip flexion and extension are needed for normal gait

Answer 22

30 degrees of flexion

10 degrees of extension

Question 23

in the sagittal plane the knee is what at initial contact..

Answer 23

flexed 5 degrees at initial contact and continues to flex 10-15 degrees

Question 24

when does the knee approaches near full extension..

Answer 24

until the heel comes off then moves into flexion

end of terminal stance

Question 25

how many degrees of flexion is needed in the knee

Answer 25

40 degrees at pre-swing

max knee flexion 60 degrees during initial swing

Question 26

in the sagittal plane the ankle is..

Answer 26

slightly plantarflexed position then progresses to foot flat

10 degrees of DF occurs as the tibia moves forward over the foot in stance

ankle PF as the heel comes off the ground to a max of 15-20 degrees

ankle then DF during swing to clear the ground

Question 27

how many degrees of DF/PF is needed for normal ambulation at the ankle

Answer 27

10 degrees of DF

20 degrees of PF

Question 28

in the frontal plane the pelvis/hip..

Answer 28

rotates through total excursion of 10-15 degrees of pelvic on femoral adduction and abduction on the stance limb

Question 29

with loading response of the R LE what happens to the L iliac crest

Answer 29

the L iliac crest drops then is elevated btw 20-60% of the gait cycle

Question 30

in the frontal plane the foot/subtalar

Answer 30

inverts 2-3 degrees at initial contact then rapid eversion of the calcaneus occurs and continues until mid stance

then subtalar joint reverses direction toward inversion

inversion continues in pre swing until it reaches 6 degrees

calcaneus returns to a slightly inverted position in late swing to prepare for next heel contact

Question 31

in the horizontal plane of the trunk, what direction does it go compared to pelvic motion? total excursion?

Answer 31

opposite rotation from pelvic motion

total excursion: 7-9 degrees

Question 32

horizontal plane of the hip

Answer 32

forward rotation of the pelvis on the stance limb occurs with hip flexion during swing

increases greater step length than that of hip flexion alone

Question 33

horizontal plane of the shoulder

Answer 33

opposite sagittal plane motion from ipsilateral hip

partially active, particularly shoulder extension

balances rotational forces of the trunk

Question 34

in the vertical direction

what does the horizontal plane pelvic rotation reduce

Answer 34

downward displacement of the CoM

Question 35

in the vertical direction

what does the sagittal plane ankle rotation reduce

Answer 35

downward displacement of CoM

Question 36

in the vertical direction

what does the stance phase knee flexion reduce

Answer 36

upward displacement of CoM

Question 37

in the vertical direction

what does the frontal plane pelvic rotation reduce

Answer 37

upward displacement of CoM

Question 38

in the side to side direction

what does the frontal plane hip rotation reduce

Answer 38

side to side excursion of CoM