Muscle Physiology Flashcards by rima absin

Tissue covering of EACH muscle tissue

Epimysium

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Cover many fascicle of muscle tissue

Perimysium

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Surround each muscle fiber

Endomysium

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Smallest anatomic unit capable of contraction

Muscle fiber

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Thin threadlike substances with light and dark bands of striation

Myofibrils

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2 types of myofibrils

Actin and myosin

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Structural functional subunit between 2 adjacent Z lines

Sarcomere

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Boudaries of sarcomere where actin is inserted

Z disk

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Proteins bounde to actin and myosin

Troponin/tropomyosin

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Interconnect sarcolemmal membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Transverse tubules

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What give the skeletal muscle its striated appearance

Overlapping of actin and myosin

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Center of sarcomere which contain MYOSIN

A band

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Contains ACTIN only. Transected by Z disk

I band

I- thin “acthin”

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Center of sarcomere which contain myosin and DOES NOT OVERLAP

H zone

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Center of H zone

M line

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Muscle fiber with Deep red, higher myoglobin content

Slow muscle fibers

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Muscle fiber with whitish hue

Fast muscle fibers

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Consist of small specialized muscle fibers encapsulated by connective tissue

Muscle spindles

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2 types of muscle spindle

Nuclear bag

Nuclear chain

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2 types of innervation of muscle spindle

Primary sensory- annulospiral

Secondary sensory- flower spray

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Absence of ATP in muscles will result in

Rigor mortis

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What is important in the detachment phase of skeletal muscle RELAXATION

ATP

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What accumulates during rigor mortis?

Phosphoric acid

Lactic acid

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MC form of progressive motor neuron disease

ALS

aka Lou Gehrig disease

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Rapidly progressive fatal neurologic disease that attack the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle

ALS

Gene mutation in ALS

Superoxide dismutase gene Result to ROS damage

What neurotransmitter in increased in ALS?

Glutamate--- lead to increased excitation--- death of neuron

Gene that regulates glutamate release

SOD-1

Part of spinal cord affected in ALS

Anterior horn cells-- both UMN and LMN symptoms

Telltale sign of ALS

Atrophy of tongue

Small intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions seen in LMN of pt with ALS

Bunina bodies

Drug that increase survival of pt with ALS

Riluzole

Median survival of ALS

3-5 years

Type of contraction where there is change in muscle length

Isotonic muscle contraction | Ex: biceps curls

Type of contraction where there is NO change in muscle length,and only EXERT TENSION

Isometric muscle contraction

Electrical stimulation of myocytes above the threshold potential results in a limited efflux of calcium from SER stimulating a SINGLE CONTRACTION

Twitch

Occurs if muscle is stimulated high enough, and individual muscles twitches combine to produce SUSTAINED contraction

Summation and tetany

Type of muscle contraction/training where there js an increase in NUMBER OF MYOFILAMENT leading to INCREASED MUSCLE MASS

Strength training

Type of muscle contraction/training where there js an increase in NUMBER OF BLOOD VESSELS and MITOCHONDRIA, NO increase in muscle mass

Endurance training

A single alpha neuron plus all the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates

Motor unit

Most common disease that affect the motor unit

ALS

Characteristics of smooth muscle

Non striated No t tubule Spindle shaped (+) dense bodies--- analogous to z disk

Predominant type of smooth muscle

Single unit/ unitary/visceral smooth muscle

Type of smooth muscle in which each fiber function separately

Multiunit

Single unit or multiunit | Found in GIT,bladder,ureter

Single unit

Single unit or multiunit: | Function as syncytium

Single unit

Single unit or multiunit: | (+) gap junctions

Single unit

Single unit or multiunit: | (+) pacemaker activity

Single unit

Single unit or multiunit: | Primary regulator is slow waves

Single unit

Single unit or multiunit: | Found in iris,ciliary muscle, arrector pili, vas deferens

Multiunit

Single unit or multiunit: | Each fiber function separately

Multiunit

Single unit or multiunit: No gap junction No pacemaker

Multiunit

Single unit or multiunit: | Regulated by ANS

Multiunit

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Red muscle due to high myoglobin content

Slow | Slow red ox

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Primarily aerobic

Slow

Slow twitch/fast twich: | More mitochondria

Slow

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Function is to provide endurance

Slow

Slow twitch/fast twich: More capillary supply Highly sensitive to hypoxia High resistance to fatigue

Slow twitch

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Soleus muscle

Slow

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Source of energy is oxidative system

Slow | Slow red ox

Slow twitch/fast twich: | White muscle

Fast

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Example is stapedius m

Fast

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Primarily anaerobic

Fast

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Deliver power surge for few seconds or minutes

Fast

Slow twitch/fast twich: | Source of energy is phosphagen/glycolytic system

Fast twitch

Skeletal/cardiac/smooth muscle: | Striated

cardiac and skeletal muscle

Skeletal/cardiac/smooth muscle: | Gap junctions

Cardiac and skeletal m

Skeletal/cardiac/smooth muscle: | Presence of sarcomere

Cardiac and skeletal muscle

Normal EMG in normal muscle

SNAP-sensory nerve action potential

Abnormal EMG seen in myopathy

Abnormal spontaneous activity- Fibrillation

Dive bomber sound in EMG

Myotonic dystrophy

Characterized by calf pseudohypertrophy and progressive weakness of girdle muscles

DMD

Due to gene deletion of dystrophin

DMD

Pathognomonic of DMD

(+)gower sign

Aka steinert's disease

Myotonic dystrophy

CTG trinucleotide repeat in DMPK gene

Myotonic dystrophy

Characterized by weakness, myotonia(sustained contraction) christmas tree cataract, frontal balding/bossing Carp mouth

Myotonic dystrophy

Aka thomsen disease

Myotonia congenita

Gene mutation in chloride channel

Myotonia congenita

Characterized by myotonia, muscle hypertrophy and HERCULEAN appearance

Myotonia congenita | Maskulado

Glucose 6 phosphatase def

Von gierke's disease | Type 1: 1st bf is always a jerk

Severe hypoglycemia Lactic acidosis Hepatomegaly Hyperlipidemia,xanthoma

Von gierke

Acid maltase/alpha glucosidase deficiency

Type 2Pompe disease

Death due to cardiomyopathy and heart failure

Pompe disease

Debranching enzyme deficiency

Type 3 Cori disease

Accumulation in cori disease

Limit dextrin

Branching enzyme deficiency

Type 4 andersen disease

Accumulation of amylopectin

Andersen disease

Muscle phosphorylase def

Type 5 mc ardle disease

Poor exercise intolerance

Mc ardle

Liver phosphorylase def

Type 6: her's disease | Hep hep herry

Phosphofructokinase def

Type 7: Tarui disease

Only GSD with hemolytic anemia

Tarui