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Triad Subjects > General Pathology > Flashcards

General Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Increase in cell size

A

Hypertrophy

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2
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

Shrinkage of cell

A

Atrophy

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4
Q

Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

A

Metaplasia

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5
Q

MC metaplasi

A

Columnar to squamous(smoking)

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6
Q

Uterus

A

Hyperplasia then hypertrophy

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7
Q

Breast during puberty and pregnancy

A

Hyperplasia

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8
Q

Liver donation

A

Hyperplasia

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9
Q

Endometrium

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

Prostate gland

A

Hyperplasia (BPH)

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11
Q

Gums on phenytoin exposure

A

Hyperplasia

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12
Q

Type of metaplasia in Barretts esophagus

A

Squamous to columnar

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13
Q

Type of metaplasia in the cervix

A

Squamous to columnar

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14
Q

Most common primary esophageal cancer

A

Squamous cell cancer

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15
Q

MC location of esophageal squamous cell cancer

A

Middle third

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16
Q

Most common location of esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Distal third

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17
Q

Precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

Barretts esophagus

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18
Q

Tx to reverse Barrett’s esophagus

A

Nissen fundoplication

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19
Q

Hallmark of intestinal metaplasia

A

Presence of intestinal goblet cells

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20
Q

Disorganized cellular architecture,irreversible

A

Dysplasia

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21
Q

Most common cause of cell injury

A

Hypoxia

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22
Q

MCC of hypoxia

A

Ischemia

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23
Q

Mechanisms of cell injury

A

Damage to cell by peroxidation caused by Free radicals/ROS
ATP Depletion
Increase cell membrane permeability
Influx of calcium-2act as 2nd messenger for enzymes: proteases, atpases, phospholipases, endonucleases

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24
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Cell swelling/vacuolar degeneration

A

Reversible

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25
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Bleb on cell surface

A

Reversible

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26
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Nuclear chromatin clumping

A

Reversible

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27
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

ER swelling

A

Reversible

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28
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Cell membrane defect and myelin figures

A

Irreversible

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29
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Lysis of ER

A

Irreversible

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30
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Influx of calcium

A

Irreversible

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31
Q

Reversible/irreversible:

Calcification

A

Irreversible

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32
Q 
Reversible/irreversible:
Nuclear changes (karyolysis,pyknosis, karyorrhexis)
A

Irreversible

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33
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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34
Q

Pro apoptotic:

A

Bax
Bad
Bak

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35
Q

Anti apoptotic

A

Bcl2

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36
Q

What activates pro apoptotic proteins

A

DNA damage and protein misfolding

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37
Q

Major mechanism/pathway of apoptosis in all mammalian tissue

A

Mitochondrial pathway

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38
Q

Responsible for protein folding

A

Chaperones

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39
Q

3 diseases associated with protein misfolding

A

Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Huntington

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40
Q

Responsible for pathogenesis of alzheimers

A

Tau protein

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41
Q

First drug used in alzheimers

A

Tacrine

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42
Q

Spectrum of morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues

A

Necrosis

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43
Q

Irreversible condensation of chromatin

A

Pyknosis

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44
Q

Fragmentation of nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

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45
Q

Disintegration and dissolution of nucleus

A

Karyolysis

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46
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

Reduced cell size

A

Apoptosis

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47
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

Physiologic, eliminate unwanted cells

A

Apoptosis

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48
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

Intact cell contents

A

Apoptosis

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49
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

No inflammation

A

Apoptosis

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50
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

Pyknosis,karyorrhexis, karyolysis

A

Necrosis

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51
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis:

Enzymatic digestion

A

Necrosis

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52
Q

Apoptosis/necrosis

Frequent with inflammation

A

Necrosis

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53
Q

Aka tombstone necrosis

A

Coagulative

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54
Q

Preserved architecture, ghost cells

A

Coagulative

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55
Q

Involve solid organs except brain

A

Coagulative

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56
Q

Digestion of dead cells–pus

A

Liquifactive

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57
Q

Acute cerebral infact

A

Liquifactive

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58
Q

Cheese like material

A

Caseous

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59
Q

TB

A

Caseous

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60
Q

Enzymatic necrosis, saponification

A

Fat necrosis

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61
Q

Involves arteries, vasculitis, organ transplant

A

Fibrinoid

62
Q

DM foot, buergers disease,PAOD

A

Gangrenous

63
Q

Most common cause of fatty change

A

Alcohol

64
Q

Abnormal accumulation if fat within parenchymal cells

A

Fatty change

65
Q

Substance responsible for caseous necrosis in tb

A

Phosphatides

66
Q

Classic microscopic description of malignant hypertension

A

Onion skin appearance

67
Q

Wear and tear pigment

A

Lipofuschin

68
Q

Intracellular accumulation mechanism

A

Abnormal metabolism
Enzyme deficiency
Inability to degrade/transport substances

69
Q

Fatty accumulation in heart

A

Flabby heart/tigered effect

70
Q

Strawberry gallbladder

A

Gallbladder cholesterolosis

71
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Alzheimers

72
Q

Russel bodies

A

Multiple myeloma

73
Q

Pink eosinophilic inclusions in plasma cells

A

Russel bodies

74
Q

Carbon dust

A

Anthracosis

75
Q

Inhalation of silica dioxide

A

Silicosis

76
Q

Eggshell calcification of lymph nodes

A

Silicosis

77
Q

Predispose to mesothelioma and brochogenic cancer

A

Asbestosis

78
Q

MC lesion of asbestosis

A

Pleural plaque

79
Q

Calcification of walls of muscular artery involving internal elastic membrane

A

Mockenberg medial sclerosis

80
Q

Glucoceribrosidase

A

Gauchers disease

81
Q

Hexosaminidase A

A

Tay sachs disease

82
Q

Sphingomyelinase

A

Niemann pick disease

83
Q

Iron deposit

A

Hemosiderin

84
Q

MCC of hemosiderosis

A

Transfusion

85
Q

Iron deposit,no organ damage

A

Hemosiderosis

86
Q

Iron deposit with organ damage

A

Hemochromatosis

87
Q

Bronze diabetes

A

Hemochromatosis

88
Q

Green to brown to black pigment

A

Bilirubin

89
Q

P. Falciparum

A

Maurer dots

90
Q

P. Malariae

A

Zieman dots

91
Q

P. Ovale

A

James dots

92
Q

P. Vivax

A

Schuffner dots

93
Q

Hepatolenticular degeneration

A

Wilsons disease

94
Q

Brown black pigment

A

Melanin

95
Q

Homogentisic acid accumulation

Black urine

A

Alkaptonuria

96
Q

Black nails

A

Ochronosis

97
Q

Calcium deposit in dead/dying tissues

Normal seum calcium

A

Dystrophic calcification

98
Q

Psammoma bodies

A 
Dystrophic calcification 
Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous ovarian cancer
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
99
Q

Calcium deposits in normal tissues due to increased serum calcium

A

Metastatic calcification

100
Q

Seen as glassy, homogenous,pink appearance

A

Hyaline change

101
Q

Hallmark of chronic inflammation

A

Fibrosis

102
Q

Hallmark of acute inflammation

A

Increased capillary permeability

103
Q

Retraction of endothelial cell leading to increased permeability is due to

A

Histamine

104
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation

A

Resolution
Scar/fibrosis
Chronic inflammation

105
Q

Anaphylatoxin

A

C3a-C5a

106
Q

Cytokine that induces fever

A

IL-1 TNF

107
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

Bacterial products
C5a
LTB4
IL-8

108
Q

Cellular events in leukocyte extravasation

A 
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis/transmigration
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
109
Q

Neutrophils will cling to capillary wall

A

Margination

110
Q

Leukocytes line the endothelial surface/ pavementing

A

Rolling

111
Q

Endothelial molecules for rolling

A

E selectin
P selectin
Glycam1
CD34

112
Q

Neutrophils squeeze through capillary wall

A

Diapedesis

113
Q

Unidirectional movement of wbc towards site of injury

A

Chemotaxis

114
Q

One of the most powerful chemo attactants

A

Bacterial products

115
Q

Engulfment and killing of microbes

A

Phagocytosis

116
Q

Endothelial molecules for adhesion

A

ICAM1

VCAM1

117
Q

Leukocyte molecule for rolling

A

Sialyl x modified protein

L selectin

118
Q

Leukocyte molecules for adhesion

A

CD11/18

VLA 4

119
Q

Defective leukocyte adhesion due to mutation in beta chain of CD11/18

A

Leukocyte adhesion defect 1

120
Q

Defective adhesion due to mutation in fucosyltransferase required for synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharides

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 2

121
Q

Decrease in oxidative burst due to NADH deficiency

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

122
Q

Process of coating a particle by opsonin to target it for ingestion

A

Opsonization

123
Q

3 major opsonins

A

Fc fragment
C3b
Plasma lectin

124
Q

1st line of defense of the innate immune system

A

Neutrophils

125
Q

Defense against parasitic infection

Allergic and immunologic diseases

A

Eosinophils

126
Q

Major source of histamine

A

Mast cells

127
Q

Derived from circulating monocytes

A

Macrophages

128
Q

Another name for tissue macrophages

A

Histiocytes

129
Q

Bean shaped nuclei

A

Monocytes

130
Q

Involved in immune reactions and immediated antibody response

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

131
Q

Cells that produce antibodies

A

Plasma cells

132
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Hypocellular

A

Transudate

133
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Cellular

A

Exudate

134
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Protein poor

A

Transudate

135
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Rich protein

A

Exudate

136
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Specific gravity less than 1.012

A

Transudate

137
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Transudate

138
Q

Transudate/Exudate

Due to infection or malignancy

A

Exudate

139
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

C5b to C9

140
Q

Potent vasodilator produce from the action of nitric oxide synthetase from arginine

A

Nitric oxide

141
Q

Powerful vasodilator, a vasoactive amine produced by mast cell and basophil

A

Histamine

142
Q

Nodular collection of specialized macrophages/epithelioid cells surrounded by a rim if lymphocytes,MN giant cell, with or without caseous necrosis

A

Granuloma

143
Q

Examples of non caseating granulomatous disease

A

Sarcoidosis

Crohns disease

144
Q

Steps in scar formation

A

Angiogenesis
Granulation tissue
Remodelling

145
Q

At how many day does neovascularization and granulation tissue fill up the incision space

A

Day 5

146
Q

Characterized by arterial dilation, secondary to sympathetic stimulation or vasoactive substances

A

Active hyperemia

147
Q

Impaired venous outflow due to venous obstruction

A

Passive congestion

148
Q

Zone of liver most prone to toxic and viral injury

A

Zone 1

149
Q

Zone of liver least oxygenated and most prone to ischemia

A

Zone 3

150
Q

Chronic passive congestion of liver

A

Nutmeg liver

151
Q

Steps in hemostasis

A

Primary hemostasis:platelet plug formation

Secondary hemostasis: fibrin clot formation

152
Q

Virchows triad

A

Stasis
Hypercoagulability
Injury to blood vessel wall

Triad Subjects (8 decks)

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