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A&P > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

movement, posture, stabilizing joints, generate heat, store nutrients, contractile (tissue shortens), excitable (irritability), extensible (stretched to an extent), elasticity

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2
Q

what is the organization of a muscle (outside to inside)?

A

epimysium, fasicles, perimysium, muscle fibers (aka cells), endomysium, myofibrils, sarcomeres,actin/myosin

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3
Q

dense CT surrounding an entire muscle

A

epimysium

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4
Q

surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)

A

endomysium

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5
Q

___ divides muscle into bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles)

A

perimysium

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6
Q

elongated multinucleate cells; banded appearance

A

muscle fiber

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7
Q

bundle of muscle fibers

A

fasicle

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8
Q

rodlike contractile unit

A

myofibril

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9
Q

contractile elements of the cells that contain thick and thin filaments called

A

myofilament

actin (thin) mysoin (thick)

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10
Q

contractile unit composed of myofilaments

A

sarcomere

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11
Q

embryonic mesodermal cells that forms each muscle fiber

A

myoblasts

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12
Q

what happens when myoblasts fuse?

A

it creates a mature muscle cell

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13
Q

a tannish cell that remains in the embryonic state and doesnt fuse

A

satellite cell

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14
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

stem cells that can become active under certain circumstances

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15
Q

Whats an example when would a satellite cell become active? their function when active?

A

when the muscle fiber becomes damaged

they help reduce injured tissue and repair it

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16
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

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17
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

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18
Q

endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber

what does it do?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

concentrates and stores Calcium ions

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19
Q

what does the sarcoplasm contain?

A

glycogen or myoglobin (stores O2)

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20
Q

what structure contains the myofibrils?

A

sarcoplasm

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21
Q

structure of a cell that only contains thin myofilaments

A

I- band

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22
Q

structure of a cell that contains the Z-line

A

I-band

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23
Q

which determines the end/start of a new sarcomere?

A

Z-line

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24
Q

structure of a cell that contains mostly thick myofilaments

A

A-band

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25
Q

structure of a call that contains the H-zone (only thick myofilament)

A

A-band

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26
Q

elastic filament composed of a hugh protein

A

titin

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27
Q

subunits of actin (looks like little balls) that contain the active sites

A

G actin

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28
Q

G actin forms long filaments of actin called

A

F- actin strand

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29
Q

the molecule ___ stabilizes their structure like strings

A

nebulin

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30
Q

protein that has 2 strands that spiral around the strand and block myosin binding sites while relaxed

A

tropomyosin

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31
Q

protein on the actin that has 3 polypeptides

A

troponin

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32
Q

what do the 3 polypeptides of troponin do?

TnI

A

TnI is inhibitory (suppress or restrain)

33
Q

what do the 3 polypeptides of troponin do?

TnT binds to

A

TnT binds to tropomyosin

34
Q

what do the 3 polypeptides of troponin do?

TnC binds to

A

TnC binds to calcium ions

35
Q

what 2 things help during muscle relaxation and contraction?

A

troponin and tropomyosin

they control the interaction

36
Q

what is the “go” signal of muscle contraction?

A

the release of calcium

37
Q

A & I band form into englarged forming channels

A

terminal cisternae (in pairs)

38
Q

T-tubule joins the terminal cisternae of the SR forming a

A

triad

39
Q

what does the triad do?

A

sends electrical impulse for releasing Ca ions

40
Q

what is the process of making the muscle contract?

A

an axon is released and enters the muscle and gives off short branches when it stops at the neuromuscular junction. myofilaments slide past one another resulting in muscle contraction

41
Q

what is the contraction process called?

A

excitation-contraction coupling

42
Q

region where 2 excitable cell make an electrical/chemical contact with each other

A

synapse

43
Q

the synapse between nerve and muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

44
Q

membrane sacs or vesicles of a chemical neurotransmitter junction in the axon terminal

A

ACh- acetylcholine

45
Q

specialized part of the sarcolemma that is highly folded to increase surface for ACh receptors

A

motor end plate

46
Q

release of ACh into synaptic cleft due to an influx in calcium

A

exocytosis

47
Q

what happens to the ACh after released into the cleft

A

binds to its receptors that are on the motor end plate

48
Q

what happens when the ACh is at the motor end plate?

what is the name of this?

A

sodium and potassium channels open. more sodium is flowing in than potassium going out. sarcolemma is then negative
depolarization

49
Q

what role does calcium have in the cross bridge formation?

A

calcium makes the active sites available

50
Q

what happens when the active sites are available?

what is this called?

A

the release of P (phosphate) causes the myosin head to move so it can reach for the active site on the F strand
power stroke

51
Q

what works together so the muscle fibers shorten?

A

all of the sarcomeres of the myofibril

52
Q

what is the amount of tension (force) produced by the muscle?

A

number of cross bridges formed by the sarcomere

53
Q

what happens to the A band and the Hzone during contraction?

A

the A bands move closer together and the Hzone decreases

54
Q

what happens to the I band and the Z line during contraction?

A

I bands shorten and distance between Z lines shorten

55
Q

the end of the muscle that is in a fixed position

A

origin

56
Q

end of the muscle that moves towards the fixed end

A

insertion

57
Q

force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object

A

muscle tension

58
Q

opposing force exerted on the muscle by weight of an object to be moved

A

load

59
Q

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

60
Q

what structure tones the muscle?

A

motor units, the more the stronger contraction

61
Q

response of a motor unit to a single action potential of its motor neuron

A

twitch

they contract quickly then go back to relax

62
Q

what are the three phases of a twitch in order from start to finish?

A

latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase

63
Q

“step wise” increase in tension

A

treppe

64
Q

phenomenon when strength of stimulus stays the same but theres an increase in frequency of stimulation

A

wave summation

65
Q

what happens to the muscle during wave summation?

A

there is not enough time for all the Ca to leave the SR before the next contraction, therefore the Ca levels are high in the sarcoplasm causing more cross bridges

66
Q

continued summation with tension getting greater until sustained but quivering contraction is reached

A

unfused/incomplete tetanus

67
Q

when the relaxtion phase of a twitch is eliminated and the contractions fuse into 1 smooth sustained plateau of contraction

A

fused/complete tetanus

68
Q

continuous contraction (Ca levels are so high because none can return to SR)

A

maximal tension

69
Q

a muscle working a maximal or near maximal tension (or vigorous exercise)

A

fatigue

70
Q

how is too much contraction controlled or brought back to normal?

A

more motor units are recruited

71
Q

stimulus at which the first observable contraction occurs

A

threshold stimuli

72
Q

strongest stimulus that produces increased contractile force (all muscles motor units are recruited)

A

maximal stimuli

73
Q

equal tension, tension rises and muscle length changes

A

isotonic

74
Q

lifting an object, walking, running

isotonic or isometric?

A

isotonic

75
Q

eqyal measure, tension produced doesnt exceed resistance (important for overcoming gravity and posture)

A

isometric

76
Q

carrying a bag of groceries, holding your head up

isotonic or isometric?

A

isometric

77
Q

muscle tension exceeds the resistance

A

concentric contraction (flexion) ; 1/2 isotonic contraction

78
Q

peak tension is less than the load and muscle elongates because other muscles are contracting

A

eccentric contraction (extension) ; 2/2 isotonic contraction

A&P (9 decks)

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