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A&P > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

control center that has the ability to perceive, analyze, and react
-site of our personality, intelligence, creativity, perception

A

brain

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2
Q

what are the 4 major regions of the brain

A

cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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3
Q

structure that facilitates higher thought and intergration

A

cerebral cortex

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4
Q

conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage/processing, concscious/sub regulatuion of muscle contractions

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus make up the

A

diencephalon

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6
Q

relay and processing centers for sensory and motor info

A

thalamus

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7
Q

centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A

mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata

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9
Q

processing visual and auditory data, generation of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus, subconsious somatic & visceral motor centers

A

pons

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11
Q

relays sensory info to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular,resp, digestive system activities

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

when does the CNS first appear and was what

A

embryological development as a hollow neural tube

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14
Q

what starts to expand at week 4

A

forebrain-prosencephalon
midbrain- mesencephalon
hindbrain- rhombencephalon

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15
Q

prosencephalon divides to form

A

telencephalon (no more pro after this)

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16
Q

cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

A

telencephalon

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17
Q

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, retina

A

diencephalon

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18
Q

brain stem, mid brain

A

mesencephalon

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19
Q

brain stem, pons

A

metencephalon

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20
Q

brain stem, medulla oblongata

A

myelencephalon

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21
Q

adult neural canal region: lateral ventricles

A

telencephalon

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22
Q

adult neural canal region: third ventricle

A

diencephalon

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23
Q

adult neural canal region: cerebral aqueduct

A

mesencephalon

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24
Q

adult neural canal region: fourth ventricle

A

metencephalon, cerebellum, myelencephalon

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25
Q

adult neural canal region: central canal

A

spinal cord

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26
Q

elevations on the brain

A

gyrus

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27
Q

grooves/foldings on the brain between gyri

A

sulcus

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28
Q

why does the number of sulci increast the surface area of the brain

A

so we can pack more neurons into a small area

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29
Q

the lobes are divided into

A

frontal parietal temporal occipital lobes

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30
Q

compared to other mammals, our __ is most highly developed in humans

A

cerebrum

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31
Q

cerebrum is involved in

A

intelligence, perception/interpretation, reaction to novel situations, memory, language (reading, writing, speech) creativity, learning

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32
Q

on an MRI, the bight areas show

the brighter the area,__

A

metabolic activity taking place there

the greater the metabolic activity

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33
Q

the gray matter is made up of

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, associated glia and blood vessels but no fiber tracts

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34
Q

cerebral cortex accounts for __% of brain mass (why?)

A

40% (because all convolutions triple its surface area)

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35
Q

white matter is composed of

A

myelinated fiber tracts with carry specific types of infrom between diff areas of the brain and connect higher/lower divisions of CNS

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36
Q

deep to white matter are islands of gray matter, function to regulate voluntary muscle movements

A

basal nuclei

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37
Q

damage to basal nuclei results in

A

diseases affecting the brain

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38
Q

deeper grooves than sulci that separate large regions of the brain

A

fissures

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39
Q

single deep fissure that separates the hemispheres

A

longitudal fissures

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40
Q

extension of dura mater that runs between hemispheres in the longitudal fissure

A

falx cerebri

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41
Q

the cerebral cortex is divided into

A

motor sensory and association

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42
Q

deep thing that separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum

A

central sulcus

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43
Q

anterior to central sulcus, involved with primary somatomotor commands

A

precentral gyrus

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44
Q

gyrus that is involved with receiving somatic sensory stimuli

A

post central gyrus aka somatosensory cortex

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45
Q

what is the somatosensory cortex/post central cortex involved in

A

interpreting and storing sensory info (ex knowing what a paperclip feels like)
aka association cortex

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46
Q

what area is phantom pain associated with

A

sensory association cortex

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47
Q

which cortex has to do with visuals

A

occipital

upper part of occipital has to do with visual association

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48
Q

primary auditory cortex for hearing and auditory association region; critical for speech

A

Wernicke’s

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49
Q

area in frontal lobe for motor speech area (also critical for speech)

A

Brocas

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50
Q

cortex involved with programming simultaneous or sequential movements ex when doing a learned dance texting

A

premotor cortex

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51
Q

make sure to study the

A

brain with what moves what on slide 11

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52
Q

what kind of fiber tracts are on the cerebral cortex

A

commissures, association fibers, projection fibers, and internal capsule

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53
Q

connects with corresponding gyri of 2 hemispheres; allows right hand to know what the left is doing

A

commissures

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54
Q

connections between the gyri of the same fibers

A

association fibers

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55
Q

these collectively form the internal capsule of white matter; consist of ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord and vice versa

A

projection fibers

56
Q

where do all projection fibers pass through?

A

diencephalon

57
Q

group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS, lie deep

A

basal nuclei

58
Q

basal nuclei associated with what part of the brain

A

lower parts, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra of midbrain

59
Q

this plays a role in large automatic muscle movements (swing arms while walking)

A

basal ganglia

60
Q

damage to basal nuclei lead to devastating impairments of movement such as

A

tremors, ballismus and hemiballismus (sudden uncontrolled movements)

61
Q

are the primary motor and sensory areas symmetrical

A

bilaterally symmetrical

62
Q

we use both cerebral hemispheres for..

A

almost every activity

63
Q

are association areas bilaterally symmetrical

A

no!

64
Q

each brain hemisphere controls a unique set of functions different from the other even thought theyre symmetrical bilaterally

A

lateralization

65
Q

speech writing language and mathematical calculation activites are located on which hemisphere

A

left

66
Q

analysis by touch and spatial visualization and analysis are located in which hemisphere

A

right

67
Q

gist of right and let hemispheres

A

speech language math science reasons -left

art imagination pattern perception- right

68
Q

which structure takes up most of the dicencephalon

A

thalamus

69
Q

consists of a bilateral, egg shaped collection of nuclei; major message relay station

A

thalamus

70
Q

hearing appartus

A

cochlea

71
Q

`geniculate nuclei that receives info from cochlea and relays it to temporal lobe where sound is sorted out

A

medial geniculate

72
Q

geniculatethat receives info and relays info pertaining to vision

A

lateral geniculate

73
Q

which nuclei involved with taste, crude (unpleasant) tough, pressure vibration heat cold and pain

A

ventral posterior group (thalamus)

74
Q

structure that plays a rle in body temp regulation, water balance, metabolism, emotions

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

what is the hypothalamus made up of

A

12 nuclei

76
Q

relay station for reflexes related to olfaction (eating, licking swallowing, chewing etc)

A

mammillary bodies

77
Q

region that contains the stalk of the pituitary gland and median eminence

A

tuberal region (hypothalamus)

78
Q

structure that contains neurons that secrete hormones that regulate secretions of the pituitary gland

A

median eminence

79
Q

region that lies above the optic chiasm and contains several nuclei including paraventricular nucleus

A

supraoptic region (hypothalamus)

80
Q

nucleus that is the source of oxytocin (love hormone)

A

paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus)

81
Q

nucleus that synthesizes antidiuretic hormone (ADH- regulares blood pressure)

A

supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus)

82
Q

region where nuclei regulate autonomic functions (receive snesory info, regulates visceral acitivies-heart rate)

A

preoptic region (hypothalamus)

83
Q

region that has nuclei that regulate food intake, thirst, waking/sleeping, primitive rage (rage aggression)

A

preoptic region (hypothalamus)

84
Q

obesity, sleep disturbances, dehydration, emotional imbalances can all be cause by

A

hypothalamic disorders

85
Q

syndrome where infants are deprived of parental care and nuturing (delay in childs growth/development)

A

failure to thrive

86
Q

most dorsal portion of dicencephalon, forms roof of 3rd ventricle, pineal gland is the main component, source of melatonin

A

epithalamus

87
Q

this makes one sleep, helps regulate daily rhythms, levels are regulated by light, jet lag

A

melatonin

88
Q

structure that is responsible for coordination of movement, maintain homeostasis, consists of midbrain pons and medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

89
Q

structure that connects the lower brain with the upper brain

A

cerebral peduncle

90
Q

paired structures that connect the midbrain to the cerebellum dorsally

A

cerebellar peduncles

91
Q

tiny canal that travels through the midbrain, connects 3rd ventricle to the 4th

A

cerebral aqueduct

92
Q

4 rounded bumps that are involved with programming the eye head neck and movements so that we can track/ locate a visual/auditory stimulus

A

corpora quadrigemina

93
Q

what are the 4 names for the corpora quadrigemina

A

left. right, superior & inferiour colliculi

94
Q

an end of a collection of nuclei and tracts that extends through the entire length of the brainstem (involved w/ visceral function)

A

reticular formation

95
Q

special group of neurons that are located in the reticular formation; plays a role in consciousness, states of awareness, sleep/wake cycles

A

reticular activating system RAS

96
Q

what can damage to the RAS result in

A

permanent coma

97
Q

which cranial nerve innervates most of the extrinsic eye muscles which function to move the eye

A

oculomotor

98
Q

parasympathetic fibers in the oculomotor do what

A

smooth muscles that changes the sixe of the pupil and help lens bulge for near vision

99
Q

this nerve is found laterally in the midbrain, innervates a single eye muscle

A

trochlear nerve

100
Q

nucleus that has a rich blood supply w/ iron containing pigments, consists of cell bodies whose axons comprise the descending Rubrospinal tracts

A

red nucleus

101
Q

structure that contains large darkly pigmented neurons that produce dopamine

A

substantia nigra

102
Q

what disease can result from dead neuron cell bodies of the substantial nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

103
Q

name of this means bridge, connects parts of the brain with spinal cord, contains nucleus that makes up part of the respiratory center (controls breathing)

A

pons

104
Q

continuation of the spinal cord of which it merges and impulses leave the brain through this

A

medulla oblongata

105
Q

two bulges on ventral side of medulla oblongata

A

pyramids

106
Q

nuclei that are relay stations from the midbrain and cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

A

olives/ olivary nuclei

107
Q

injury to the medulla oblongata can result in (why?)

A

death (many functions that keep us alive are centered here0

108
Q

which nerve? hearing and balance

A

vestibulocochlear

109
Q

which nerve? swallowing, salivation, taste

A

glossopharyngeal

110
Q

which nerve? head and shoulder movements

A

accessory

111
Q

which nerve? thoracic and abdominal viscera

A

vagus

112
Q

which nerve? tongue movements

A

hypoglossal

113
Q

the point where all the tracts cross

A

decussation

114
Q

little cerebrum, separated from cerebral hemispheres by transverse fissure

A

cerebellum

115
Q

this lies in the transverse fissure in which it lies a shelf of dura mater

A

tentorium cerebelli

116
Q

what is the main function of the cerebellum

A

help us maintain balance and posture, coordinate movement

117
Q

inner white matter that is arranged like a tree with many branches

A

arbor vitae / tree of life

118
Q

outer most layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer

119
Q

row of cells that separates the molecular layer from the inner granular layer; play a critical role in integration of sensory and motor info

A

Purkinje cells

120
Q

what can result if cerebellum is damaged

A

movement becomes clumsy and disorganized (ataxia)

121
Q

when movements become clumsy and disorganized

A

ataxia

122
Q

connective tissue membranes that float in watery cushion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

123
Q

what are the 3 layers of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

124
Q

outermost and strongest of brain coverings

A

dura mater

125
Q

layer of brain covering that is spider web like extensions that secure it to the underlying pia mater

A

arachnoid mater

126
Q

space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater ;what does it contain

A

subarachnoid space; cerebrospinal fluid

127
Q

thin, transparent covering that adheres snugly to the surface of the brain following the gyri and sulci

A

pia mater (carries blood vessels that supply/drain the brain)

128
Q

filtrate of blood plasma that has a lot of vitamin C and has a different ion composition, it nourishes the brain/spinal cord, exchanges nutrients and waste products of neuron metabolism`

A

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

129
Q

this protects the CNS vs injury by forming a fluid sac that suspends the brain and spinal cord from outside and inside, it is found in the ventricles where it is produced, central canal, and subarachnoid space

A

CSF cerebrospinal fluid

130
Q

CSF is secreted by the __ found in the lateral and 4th ventricles;contains special networks of capillaries covered by ependymal cells

A

choroid plexus

131
Q

these cells only allow certain materials to pass from the plasms and enter the CSF

A

ependymal cells

132
Q

where does the CSF go after it finishes circulating around the CNS

A

reabsorbed back in to the blood vascular system

133
Q

extensions that are mushroom shaped and project into the superiour sagittal sinus

A

arachnoid villi

134
Q

any condition, disease, birth defect, or injury causes a blockage in the drainage sytem can result in

A

hydrocephalus (water on the brain)

135
Q

what can calcify as we age; what is it called nest when they become hard

A

arachnoid villi –> arachnoid granulations

136
Q

leak proof type of capillary barrier

A

continuous capillaries

137
Q

what 5 lipid soluable things can get through the blood brain barrier

A

alcohol, caffeince, nicotine, heroin, anesthetics

A&P (9 decks)

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