Murray Flashcards
Principles of Personology
Personality is rooted in the brain
Tension Reduction
Personality develops over time
Personality is not fixed or static
Uniqueness and Universality
Principles of Personology
Personality is rooted in the brain
Tension Reduction
Personality develops over time
Personality is not fixed or static
Uniqueness and Universality
The division of personality
Id
Superego
Ego
• contains the primitive, amoral, and lustful impulses described by Freud, but it also contains desirable impulses, such as empathy and love.
• It provides energy and direction to behavior and is concerned with motivation.
• The problem of controlling or directing the id forces is not the same for all people because some of us have greater id energy with which we must cope.
Id
• Internalization of the culture’s values and norms, by which rules we come to evaluate and judge our behavior and that of others.
• The superego is shaped not only by parents and authority figures, but also by the peer group and culture.
• The superego is not rigidly crystallized by age 5, but continues to develop throughout life
Superego
• Tries to modify or delay the id’s unacceptable impulses.
• Consciously reasons, decides, and wills the direction of behavior
• It functions not only to suppress id pleasure but also to foster pleasure by organizing and directing the expression of acceptable id impulses.
• may integrate the two aspects of personality so what we want to do (id) is in harmony with what society believes we should do (superego)
Ego
Murray’s list of need:
• Abasement
• Achievement
• Affiliation
• Aggression
• Autonomy
• Counteraction
• Defendants
• Deference
• Dominance
• Exhibition
• Harmavoidance
• Infavoidance
• Nurturance
• Order
• Play
• Rejection
• Sentience
• Sex
• Succorance
• Understanding
Types of needs:
Primary (viscerogenic needs)
Secondary (psychogenic needs)
Reactive needs
Proactive needs
survival and related needs arising from internal body processes. E.g., food, water, air, and harmaviodance
Primary (viscerogenic needs)
emotional and psychological needs, such as achievement and affiliation
Secondary (psychogenic needs)
involve a response to something specific in the environment and are aroused only when that object appears.
Reactive needs -
do not depend on the presence of a particular object, and arise spontaneously.
Proactive needs
Characteristics of needs
• Need’s prepotency
• A fusion of needs
• Subsidiation
• Press
• Thema
needs differ in terms of the urgency with which they impel behavior
Need’s prepotency
some needs are complementary and can be satisfied by one behavior or a set of behaviors
A fusion of needs
refers to a situation in which one needs is activated to aid in satisfying another need.
Subsidiation
the influence of the environment and past events on the current activation of a need.
Press
a combination of press (the environment) and need (personality) that brings order to our behavior
Thema
a normal pattern of childhood development that influences the adult personality.
Complexes
Stages development:
Claustral Stage
Oral stage
Anal stage
Urethral stage
Genital or castration stage
Secure existence within the womb
The claustral stage
- a desire to be in small, warm, dark places that are safe and secluded.
• People with this complex tend to be dependent on others, passive, and oriented toward safe, familiar behaviors that worked in the past.
Simple Claustral Complex
- feelings of insecurity and helplessness, causing the person to fear open spaces, falling, drowning, fires, earthquakes, or any situation involving novelty and change.
Insupport form of the claustral complex
- a need to escape from restraining womblike conditions; a fear of suffocation and confinement and manifests itself in a preference for open spaces, fresh air, travel, movement, change, and novelty
Anti-claustral or egression
a combination of mouth activities, passive tendencies, and the need to be supported and protected. Behavioral manifestations include sucking, kissing, eating, drinking, and a hunger for affection, sympathy, protection, and love.
Oral succorance complex
- combines oral and aggressive behaviors, including biting, spitting, shouting, and verbal aggression such as sarcasm
Oral Aggression Complex
- include vomiting, being picky about food, eating little, fearing oral contamination (such as from kissing), desiring seclusion, and avoiding dependence on others.
Oral Rejection Complex
a preoccupation with defecation, anal humor, and feces-like material such as dirt, mud, plaster, and clay. Aggression is often part of this complex and is shown in dropping and throwing things, firing guns, and setting off explosives. Persons with this complex may be dirty and disorganized
Anal Rejection Complex -
- manifested in accumulating, saving, and collecting things, and in cleanliness, neatness, and orderliness.
Anal Retention Complex
associated with excessive ambition, a distorted sense of self-esteem, exhibitionism, bedwetting, sexual cravings, and self-love.
Urethral Complex
it is sometimes called the Icarus Complex; like Icarus, persons with this complex aim too high and their dreams are shattered by failure.
Urethral stage/complex
a boy’s fantasy that his penis might be cut off; stems out of childhood masturbation and the parental punishment that may have accompanied it.
Castration Complex
- Consists of a set of ambiguous pictures depicting simple scenes. The person taking the test is asked to compose a story that describes the people and objects in the picture, including what might have led up to the situation and what the people are thinking and feeling.
• is a projective technique, from Freud’s defense mechanism of projection.
• the person projects those feelings onto the characters in the pictures and thereby reveals his or her troubling thoughts to the researcher or therapist
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
