McCrae & Costa ll

Question 1

they began with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types. (specific to general)

Answer 1

Inductive Method

Question 2

they have preconceived hypotheses in mind before they begin to collect data. (general to specific)

Answer 2

Deductive Method

Question 3

Cattell used 3 different media of observation.

Answer 3

1. L. Data Life Record
2. Q DataSelf-reports
3. T DataObjective Test

Question 4

begins by making specific observations (quantified)

Answer 4

Factor Analysis

Question 5

BASIC OF FACTOR ANALYSIS

Answer 5

Correlation Coefficient
Factor Analysis
Factor M
Factor
Factors Loadings

Question 6

mathematical procedure for reducing a large number of scores to a few more general variables or factors

Answer 6

Correlation Coefficient

Question 7

account for a large number of variables with a smaller number more basic dimensions called Traits

Answer 7

Factor Analysis

Question 8

mathematical ability

Answer 8

Factor M

Question 9

units of personality derived through factor analysis

Answer 9

Factors

Question 10

The amount of correlation that a score contributes to a given factor. Correlations of the original. It gives us an indication of the purity of the various factors and enables us to interpret their meanings..

Answer 10

Factors Loadings

Question 11

are scaled from zero to large amount. (e.g. Height, weight, and intellectual ability)

Answer 11

Unipolar Traits

Question 12

extend from one pole to an opposite pole, with zero representing a midpoint. (e.g. Introversion vs. extraversion, liberalism vs. conservatism, & social ascendancy vs. timidity)

Answer 12

Bipolar Traits

Question 13

a method of rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes the independence of primary factors. Advocates of the Five Factor Theory

Answer 13

Orthogonal Rotation

Question 14

a method of rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes some inter-correlation among primary factors. Assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90deg. Advocated by Cattell.

Answer 14

Oblique Method

Question 15

UNITS OF FIVE-FACTOR THEORY

___________ is predicted by an understanding of: 3 Central or Core Components:

Answer 15

Behavior

Question 16

3 Central or Core Components:

Answer 16

1.1 Basic Tendencies

1.2 Characteristic Adaptations

1.3 Self-Concept

Question 17

3 Peripheral Ones

Answer 17

2.1 Biological Bases

2.2 Objective Biography

2.3 External Influences.

Question 18

are represented by rectangles, whereas the peripheral components are represented by ellipses.

Answer 18

Core or Central Components of Personality

Question 19

represents the arrows and indicates the direction of causal influence.

Answer 19

Dynamic Process

Question 20

are the sole cause of basic tendencies (personality traits).

Answer 20

Biological Bases

Question 21

are one of the central components of personality, along with characteristic adaptations, self-concept, biological bases, objective biography, and external influences.

Answer 21

Basic Tendencies

Question 22

•may be inherited, imprinted by early experience or modified by disease or psychological intervention, but at any given period in an individual’s life, they define the individual’s potential and direction.

•”How quickly we learn”

Answer 22

Basic tendencies

Question 23

• Stable and enduring
• Characteristic responses are shaped and molded by it.
• It’s essence is their basis in biology and their stability over time and situation

Answer 23

Basic tendencies

Question 24

•acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.

•”What we learn”

Answer 24

Characteristic Adaptations

Question 25

• Can be influenced by external influences, such as acquired skills, habits, attitudes, and relationships that results from the interaction of individuals with their environment. •Fluctuate, making them subject to change over a person's lifetime. •Disposition and tendencies are the direct influence .

Answer 25

Characteristic Adaptations

Question 26

• consists of knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self. ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life. •Is actually a characteristic adaptation, but it gets its own box because it is an important adaptation. •Personal myths

Answer 26

Self-Concept

Question 27

the five-factor theory rests on a single causal influence on personality traits, namely biology.

Answer 27

Biological Bases

Question 28

Everything the person does, thinks, or feels across the whole lifespan.

Answer 28

Objective Biography

Question 29

Emphasizes what has happened in peoples life (__________) rather than their view or perceptions of their experiences (__________).

Answer 29

objective & subjective

Question 30

McCrae and Costa focus on the ____________ the events and experiences one has had over one's lifetime

Answer 30

objective experiences

Question 31

Alfred Adler (style of life) or Dan McAdams (personal narrative) focus on the __________ of one's life-story.

Answer 31

subjective interpretations

Question 32

____________ people constantly find themselves in a particular physical or social The question of how we respond to the opportunities and demands of the context is what ________ is all about.

Answer 32

External Influences & external factor

Question 33

McCrae and Costa assumes that _________ is a function of the interaction between characteristic adaptation and external influences

Answer 33

Behavior

Question 34

4 Postulates of Basic Tendencies:

Answer 34

Individuality Postulate Origin Postulate Development Postulate Structure Postulate

Question 35

Stipulates that adults have a unique set of traits and that each person exhibits a unique combination of traits patterns.

Answer 35

Individuality Postulate

Question 36

Takes a clear if somewhat controversial stances: All personality traits are the result solely of endogenous (internal) forces, such as genetics, hormones, and brain structures

Answer 36

Origin Postulate

Question 37

demonstrated by what geneticists refers to as heritability coefficients and comes out of the research on adoption studies and twin studies.

Answer 37

Genetic influence

Question 38

the question of what is the difference in the correlation on a given personality trait between individuals who are genetically identical and who share only about 50% of their genes.

Answer 38

Heritability addresses

Question 39

Assumes that traits develop and change through childhood, but in adolescence their development slows, and by early to mid-adulthood (roughly age 30), change in personality nearly stops altogether.

Answer 39

Development Postulate

Question 40

States that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general

Answer 40

Structure Postulate

Question 41

Postulates for Characteristic Adaptations:

Answer 41

•over time, people adapt to their environment "by acquiring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent with their personality traits and earlier adaptions. •second characteristic adaptation postulate Maladjustment suggests that our responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values. •basic traits may "change over time in response to biological maturation, changes in the environment, changes in the environment, or deliberate interventions

Question 42

one that recognizes that although basic tendencies may be rather stable over the lifetime, characteristic adaptations are not.

Answer 42

Plasticity Postulate