MASLOW Flashcards
It assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another.
Holistic-dynamic theory
When people have the potential to grow toward?
Self-actualization
What are the five view of motivation.
- holistic approach to motivation
- motivation is usually complex
- people are continually motivated by one need or another
- all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
- needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
The whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated
Holistic approach to motivation
a person’s behavior may spring from several separate
motives
motivation is usually complex
when one need is satisfied, it is then replaced by another need
people are continually motivated by one need or another
people are motivated by the same basic needs, they only differ with the manner in which those needs are satisfied
all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
What are the categories of needs?
- Conative needs
- Aesthetic needs
- Cognitive needs
- Neurotic needs
• basic needs; needs that have a striving or motivational character
● universal; meaning all people share these needs
● this is where Maslow’s hierarchy of needs falls under
Conative needs
● need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
● people prefer beauty over ugliness
● people with strong aesthetic needs desire
beautiful and orderly surroundings, and they may become physically and spiritually ill when these needs are not met
Aesthetic Needs
• the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
• the most important category, because when these are blocked, all needs on the hierarchy are threatened
Cognitive needs
it is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs
knowledge
it can be satisfied by knowing how to secure food
Physiological needs
by knowing how to relate to people
belongingness needs
It is people who have not satisfied their cognitive becomes what?
Pathological (in forms or skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism)
● nonproductive needs
● usually reactive; it serves as compensation
for unsatisfied basic needs
● leads to stagnation and pathology
● satisfaction or frustration of neurotic needs
makes little difference to the ultimate health of an individual
Neurotic needs
● lower level needs have _______ over high level needs; they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated
Hierarchy of needs & prepotency
Order of hierarchy of need from top to bottom
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love & belongingness
Safety
Physiological
• most basic and most prepotent of all needs
● include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of
body temperature, etc.
● the only type of need that can be completely
satisfied or overly satisfied
● recurring in nature
➔ example: people who have eaten will eventually become hungry again
Physiological needs
• include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces
•also include the needs for law, order, and structure
•unlike physiological needs, safety needs cannot be overly satiated
➔ people can never be completely protected from natural calamities or dangerous acts of others
Safety needs to be
it will results from unsuccessful attempts of satisfying one’s safety needs
basic anxiety
• include the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family or group
• also include some aspects of sex and human contact, as well as the need to both give and receive love
Love & Belongingness
people whose love and belongingness
needs are ______ do not panic when denied love, they do not feel devastated when they face rejection
adequately satisfied
people who have ____ love and belongingness are incapable of giving love; these people will eventually learn to devalue love and take its absence for granted
never experienced
people who have received love and belongingness in only______ have stronger needs for affection than the other two groups of people
small doses
•include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high regard
•has two levels: reputation and self-esteem
Esteem needs
others’ perception of your prestige or recognition
reputation
your own feelings of worth; based on your real competence and not on others’ opinions
self-esteem
•include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word
•once esteem needs are satisfied, people does not always move to the level of self-actualization
•whether a person reaches the level of self-actualization is dependent on if they embrace the B-values
•self-actualizers are natural in the same sense as animals and infants; they express their basic human needs and do not allow them to be suppressed by culture
Self-actualization
• Essential for survival and well-being.
• Satisfying these needs is important to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences.
• Include: Physiological, Safety, Social, and Esteem Needs.
Deficiency needs to be
• Go beyond basic survival.
• Focus on personal growth and realizing one’s potential.
• Driven by continuous self-improvement and fulfillment
Growth needs to
• In 1970, Maslow expanded his original five-level hierarchy to include 3 additional levels, reflecting deeper aspects of human fulfillment.
• Give the expanded hierarchy consists of 8 level.
•Physiological Needs
• Safety Needs
• Social Needs
• Esteem Needs
• Cognitive Needs
• Aesthetic Needs
• Self-actualization
• Transcendence needs
• The highest level added to Maslow’s hierarchy.
• Involves experiences beyond personal fulfillment, like helping others or connecting with a higher purpose.
Transcendence needs
•approximate levels to which a (hypothetical) average person has his needs satisfied accdg. to Maslow:
➔ physiological - 85%
➔ safety - 70%
➔ love and belongingness - 50%
➔ esteem - 40%
➔ self-actualization - 10%
•a person may be simultaneously motivated by needs from two or more levels
General discussion of needs
• though needs are generally satisfied in hierarchical order, occasionally they are “_________”
➔ example: an artist skipping meals (physiological need) to complete an important work
•however, reversals only seem so but are not real; when looking at the underlying unconscious motivation of the behavior, it would be clear that the needs are not actually reversed
➔ using the previous example, the artist doing his work is a way for him to sustain his physiological needs (salary can buy food, pay rent, etc.)
Reversed / reversed order of needs
● some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs
Unmotivated Behavior
Maslow (1970) distinguished between ________ (which is often unmoti-vated) and ______ (which is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need).
expressive and coping behavior
➔ often unmotivated; an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be
➔ has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression
➔ can continue even in the absence of reinforcement/reward
➔ unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment
➔ examples: slouching, expressing joy, showing anger, blushing, frowning, doing art
Expressive Behavior
➔ ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment
➔ serves some aim or goal (although not always conscious to the person)
➔ always motivated by some deficit need
➔ involves an individual’s attempts to
secure food and shelter, to make friends, to receive appreciation from others
Coping behavior
●lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs
leads to some kind of pathology:
➔ physiological needs deprivation results in
malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, etc
➔ threats to safety needs lead to fear,
insecurity, dread
➔ unfulfilled love needs make a person
defensive, aggressive, or socially timid
➔ lack of esteem results in self-doubt and
lack of confidence
Deprivation of needs
deprivation of self-actualization leads to
________; which is the absence of values, lack of fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life
Metaphatology
deprivation of self-actualization leads to
________; which is the absence of values, lack of fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life
Metaphatology
●are human needs innately determined, even though they can be modified by learning
• criteria for determining if a need is instinctoid:
➔ non satisfaction of instinctoid needs leads to pathology; while frustration of noninstinctoid needs does not
➔ instinctoid needs are persistent, and its satisfaction leads to psychological health; noninstinctoid needs are usually temporary, and its satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health
➔ they are species-specific; animal needs cannot be used as a model for studying human motivation
➔ can be molded or altered by environmental influences
Instinctoid nature of need
● love, self-esteem, self-actualization
higher level needs
● physiological and safety
lower-level needs
both higher and lower level needs are ______; love, esteem, and self-actualization are just as biological as sex, thirst, and hunger
instinctoid
it appear later in the course of human development,
higher level needs
are present and must be cared for during infancy and childhood
lower level needs
What are the four criteria for self-actualization?
- Free from psychopathology
- Had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
- Embracing the B-values
- Fulfilled their needs to grow
Values of Self-Actualizers, Maslow (1971) held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal verities,” what he called ______.
B-values
referred to by Maslow as “metaneeds”, indicating that they are the ultimate level of needs
B-values/ Being values
-motives of self-actualizing people; characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with the B-values
Metamotivation
only people who live among the ______ are self-actualizing, and they alone are capable of _____
B-values & metamotivation
the lack of a meaningful philosophy in life
~deprivation of any of the B-values results in _____
metapathology
It is a characteristic of self-actualizing people that is,
● can discriminate between the genuine and the fake
● not fooled by facades, less prejudiced
● less afraid and more comfortable with the
unknown
More efficient perception of reality
It is a characteristic of self-actualizing people that is,
● can accept themselves the way they are
● not overly critical of their own shortcomings
● they accept nature, including human nature,
and therefore do not expect perfection in
themselves or in others
Acceptance of self, others, and nature
A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
● can be unconventional and uncompromising even at the price of ostracism when the situation calls for it
● unpretentious and not afraid or ashamed to express deeply felt emotions
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
●interested in problems outside themselves;
not self-centered
➔ this interest allows them to develop a
mission in life
• concerned with eternal problems and adopt a solid philosophical and ethical basis for handling these problems
➔ they are unconcerned with the trivial and the petty
Problem-centering
A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
● have a quality of detachment that allows them to be alone without being lonely
● they are relaxed and comfortable when they are either with people or alone
The need for privacy
A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
• they depend on themselves for growth
•this can be achieved only through satisfactory relations with others
➔ confidence is attained when one is loved and accepted without conditions; once a person has that confidence, they no longer depend on others for self-esteem
➔ with this, they have a large measure of autonomy which allows them to be unfazed by criticisms or by flattery
Autonomy
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● “the capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy”
● not taking anything for granted
Continued freshness of appreciation
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● experiences that are mystical in nature and that somehow give a person a feeling of transcendence
➔ during this mystical time, people feel more
The Peak Experience
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● social interest, community feeling, sense of oneness with humanity (Adler)
● self-actualizers have a caring attitude toward other people; they have a genuine interest in helping others
Gemeinschaftsgefühl
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
•nurturant to all people but their close
friendships are limited to few
➔ the few interpersonal relationships they
have are quite deep and intense
•they prefer having mutual relationships rather than one-sided admirations
Profound interpersonal relations
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● being friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender
● having a desire and ability to learn from anyone
The Democratic Character Structure
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● they enjoy doing something for its own sake and not just because it is a means to some other end
Discrimination between means and ends
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● nonhostile sense of humor (humor that is not dependent on putting someone down)
● this kind of humor is spontaneous rather than planned; because it is situation-dependent, it usually cannot be repeated
Philosophical sense of humor
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
•not necessarily being talented or creative in
the arts
➔ it is about having a keen perception of
truth, beauty, and reality
•Maslow suggested that creativity and self-actualization may be one and the same
Creativeness
Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● following one’s own standards of conduct and not blindly obeying the rules of others
● self-actualizers are more individualized rather than homogenized
● they do not fit to a “mold”
Resistance to enculturation
deficiency love
D-love
love for the essence of “Being” of the other.
➔ mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover
➔ unmotivated, expressive behavior; self-actualizers do not love because they expect something in return, they simple love and are loved
B-love
Another obstacle that often blocks people’s growth toward self-actualization is the ________ or the fear of being one’s best.
~ characterized by attempts to run away from one’s destiny
Jonah complex
