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MASLOW Flashcards

1
Q

It assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another.

A

Holistic-dynamic theory

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2
Q

When people have the potential to grow toward?

A

Self-actualization

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3
Q

What are the five view of motivation.

A
  1. holistic approach to motivation
  2. motivation is usually complex
  3. people are continually motivated by one need or another
  4. all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
  5. needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
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4
Q

The whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated

A

Holistic approach to motivation

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5
Q

a person’s behavior may spring from several separate
motives

A

motivation is usually complex

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6
Q

when one need is satisfied, it is then replaced by another need

A

people are continually motivated by one need or another

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7
Q

people are motivated by the same basic needs, they only differ with the manner in which those needs are satisfied

A

all people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs

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8
Q

What are the categories of needs?

A
  1. Conative needs
  2. Aesthetic needs
  3. Cognitive needs
  4. Neurotic needs
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9
Q

• basic needs; needs that have a striving or motivational character
● universal; meaning all people share these needs
● this is where Maslow’s hierarchy of needs falls under

A

Conative needs

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10
Q

● need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
● people prefer beauty over ugliness
● people with strong aesthetic needs desire
beautiful and orderly surroundings, and they may become physically and spiritually ill when these needs are not met

A

Aesthetic Needs

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11
Q

• the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
• the most important category, because when these are blocked, all needs on the hierarchy are threatened

A

Cognitive needs

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12
Q

it is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs

A

knowledge

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13
Q

it can be satisfied by knowing how to secure food

A

Physiological needs

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14
Q

by knowing how to relate to people

A

belongingness needs

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15
Q

It is people who have not satisfied their cognitive becomes what?

A

Pathological (in forms or skepticism, disillusionment, and cynicism)

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16
Q

● nonproductive needs
● usually reactive; it serves as compensation
for unsatisfied basic needs
● leads to stagnation and pathology
● satisfaction or frustration of neurotic needs
makes little difference to the ultimate health of an individual

A

Neurotic needs

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17
Q

● lower level needs have _______ over high level needs; they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated

A

Hierarchy of needs & prepotency

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18
Q

Order of hierarchy of need from top to bottom

A

Self-actualization
Esteem
Love & belongingness
Safety
Physiological

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19
Q

• most basic and most prepotent of all needs
● include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of
body temperature, etc.
● the only type of need that can be completely
satisfied or overly satisfied
● recurring in nature
➔ example: people who have eaten will eventually become hungry again

A

Physiological needs

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20
Q

• include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces
•also include the needs for law, order, and structure
•unlike physiological needs, safety needs cannot be overly satiated
➔ people can never be completely protected from natural calamities or dangerous acts of others

A

Safety needs to be

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21
Q

it will results from unsuccessful attempts of satisfying one’s safety needs

A

basic anxiety

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22
Q

• include the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family or group
• also include some aspects of sex and human contact, as well as the need to both give and receive love

A

Love & Belongingness

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23
Q

people whose love and belongingness
needs are ______ do not panic when denied love, they do not feel devastated when they face rejection

A

adequately satisfied

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24
Q

people who have ____ love and belongingness are incapable of giving love; these people will eventually learn to devalue love and take its absence for granted

A

never experienced

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25
Q

people who have received love and belongingness in only______ have stronger needs for affection than the other two groups of people

A

small doses

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26
Q

•include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high regard
•has two levels: reputation and self-esteem

A

Esteem needs

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27
Q

others’ perception of your prestige or recognition

A

reputation

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28
Q

your own feelings of worth; based on your real competence and not on others’ opinions

A

self-esteem

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29
Q

•include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word

•once esteem needs are satisfied, people does not always move to the level of self-actualization
•whether a person reaches the level of self-actualization is dependent on if they embrace the B-values

•self-actualizers are natural in the same sense as animals and infants; they express their basic human needs and do not allow them to be suppressed by culture

A

Self-actualization

30
Q

• Essential for survival and well-being.
• Satisfying these needs is important to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences.
• Include: Physiological, Safety, Social, and Esteem Needs.

A

Deficiency needs to be

31
Q

• Go beyond basic survival.
• Focus on personal growth and realizing one’s potential.
• Driven by continuous self-improvement and fulfillment

A

Growth needs to

32
Q

• In 1970, Maslow expanded his original five-level hierarchy to include 3 additional levels, reflecting deeper aspects of human fulfillment.

• Give the expanded hierarchy consists of 8 level.

A

•Physiological Needs
• Safety Needs
• Social Needs
• Esteem Needs
• Cognitive Needs
• Aesthetic Needs
• Self-actualization
• Transcendence needs

33
Q

• The highest level added to Maslow’s hierarchy.
• Involves experiences beyond personal fulfillment, like helping others or connecting with a higher purpose.

A

Transcendence needs

34
Q

•approximate levels to which a (hypothetical) average person has his needs satisfied accdg. to Maslow:
➔ physiological - 85%
➔ safety - 70%
➔ love and belongingness - 50%
➔ esteem - 40%
➔ self-actualization - 10%
•a person may be simultaneously motivated by needs from two or more levels

A

General discussion of needs

35
Q

• though needs are generally satisfied in hierarchical order, occasionally they are “_________”
➔ example: an artist skipping meals (physiological need) to complete an important work
•however, reversals only seem so but are not real; when looking at the underlying unconscious motivation of the behavior, it would be clear that the needs are not actually reversed
➔ using the previous example, the artist doing his work is a way for him to sustain his physiological needs (salary can buy food, pay rent, etc.)

A

Reversed / reversed order of needs

36
Q

● some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs

A

Unmotivated Behavior

37
Q

Maslow (1970) distinguished between ________ (which is often unmoti-vated) and ______ (which is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need).

A

expressive and coping behavior

38
Q

➔ often unmotivated; an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be
➔ has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression
➔ can continue even in the absence of reinforcement/reward
➔ unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment
➔ examples: slouching, expressing joy, showing anger, blushing, frowning, doing art

A

Expressive Behavior

39
Q

➔ ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment
➔ serves some aim or goal (although not always conscious to the person)
➔ always motivated by some deficit need
➔ involves an individual’s attempts to
secure food and shelter, to make friends, to receive appreciation from others

A

Coping behavior

40
Q

●lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs
leads to some kind of pathology:
➔ physiological needs deprivation results in
malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, etc
➔ threats to safety needs lead to fear,
insecurity, dread
➔ unfulfilled love needs make a person
defensive, aggressive, or socially timid
➔ lack of esteem results in self-doubt and
lack of confidence

A

Deprivation of needs

41
Q

deprivation of self-actualization leads to
________; which is the absence of values, lack of fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life

A

Metaphatology

42
Q

deprivation of self-actualization leads to
________; which is the absence of values, lack of fulfillment, and loss of meaning in life

A

Metaphatology

43
Q

●are human needs innately determined, even though they can be modified by learning
• criteria for determining if a need is instinctoid:
➔ non satisfaction of instinctoid needs leads to pathology; while frustration of noninstinctoid needs does not
➔ instinctoid needs are persistent, and its satisfaction leads to psychological health; noninstinctoid needs are usually temporary, and its satisfaction is not a prerequisite for health
➔ they are species-specific; animal needs cannot be used as a model for studying human motivation
➔ can be molded or altered by environmental influences

A

Instinctoid nature of need

44
Q

● love, self-esteem, self-actualization

A

higher level needs

45
Q

● physiological and safety

A

lower-level needs

46
Q

both higher and lower level needs are ______; love, esteem, and self-actualization are just as biological as sex, thirst, and hunger

A

instinctoid

47
Q

it appear later in the course of human development,

A

higher level needs

48
Q

are present and must be cared for during infancy and childhood

A

lower level needs

49
Q

What are the four criteria for self-actualization?

A
  1. Free from psychopathology
  2. Had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
  3. Embracing the B-values
  4. Fulfilled their needs to grow
50
Q

Values of Self-Actualizers, Maslow (1971) held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the “eternal verities,” what he called ______.

A

B-values

51
Q

referred to by Maslow as “metaneeds”, indicating that they are the ultimate level of needs

A

B-values/ Being values

52
Q

-motives of self-actualizing people; characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with the B-values

A

Metamotivation

53
Q

only people who live among the ______ are self-actualizing, and they alone are capable of _____

A

B-values & metamotivation

54
Q

the lack of a meaningful philosophy in life
~deprivation of any of the B-values results in _____

A

metapathology

55
Q

It is a characteristic of self-actualizing people that is,
● can discriminate between the genuine and the fake
● not fooled by facades, less prejudiced
● less afraid and more comfortable with the
unknown

A

More efficient perception of reality

56
Q

It is a characteristic of self-actualizing people that is,
● can accept themselves the way they are
● not overly critical of their own shortcomings
● they accept nature, including human nature,
and therefore do not expect perfection in
themselves or in others

A

Acceptance of self, others, and nature

57
Q

A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
● can be unconventional and uncompromising even at the price of ostracism when the situation calls for it
● unpretentious and not afraid or ashamed to express deeply felt emotions

A

Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

58
Q

A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,

●interested in problems outside themselves;
not self-centered
➔ this interest allows them to develop a
mission in life
• concerned with eternal problems and adopt a solid philosophical and ethical basis for handling these problems
➔ they are unconcerned with the trivial and the petty

A

Problem-centering

59
Q

A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
● have a quality of detachment that allows them to be alone without being lonely
● they are relaxed and comfortable when they are either with people or alone

A

The need for privacy

60
Q

A characteristic of self-actualizing that is,
• they depend on themselves for growth
•this can be achieved only through satisfactory relations with others
➔ confidence is attained when one is loved and accepted without conditions; once a person has that confidence, they no longer depend on others for self-esteem
➔ with this, they have a large measure of autonomy which allows them to be unfazed by criticisms or by flattery

A

Autonomy

61
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● “the capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy”
● not taking anything for granted

A

Continued freshness of appreciation

62
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● experiences that are mystical in nature and that somehow give a person a feeling of transcendence
➔ during this mystical time, people feel more

A

The Peak Experience

63
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● social interest, community feeling, sense of oneness with humanity (Adler)
● self-actualizers have a caring attitude toward other people; they have a genuine interest in helping others

A

Gemeinschaftsgefühl

64
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
•nurturant to all people but their close
friendships are limited to few
➔ the few interpersonal relationships they
have are quite deep and intense
•they prefer having mutual relationships rather than one-sided admirations

A

Profound interpersonal relations

65
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● being friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender
● having a desire and ability to learn from anyone

A

The Democratic Character Structure

66
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● they enjoy doing something for its own sake and not just because it is a means to some other end

A

Discrimination between means and ends

67
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● nonhostile sense of humor (humor that is not dependent on putting someone down)
● this kind of humor is spontaneous rather than planned; because it is situation-dependent, it usually cannot be repeated

A

Philosophical sense of humor

68
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
•not necessarily being talented or creative in
the arts
➔ it is about having a keen perception of
truth, beauty, and reality
•Maslow suggested that creativity and self-actualization may be one and the same

A

Creativeness

69
Q

Characteristic of self-actualizing people which is,
● following one’s own standards of conduct and not blindly obeying the rules of others
● self-actualizers are more individualized rather than homogenized
● they do not fit to a “mold”

A

Resistance to enculturation

70
Q

deficiency love

A

D-love

71
Q

love for the essence of “Being” of the other.
➔ mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover
➔ unmotivated, expressive behavior; self-actualizers do not love because they expect something in return, they simple love and are loved

A

B-love

72
Q

Another obstacle that often blocks people’s growth toward self-actualization is the ________ or the fear of being one’s best.
~ characterized by attempts to run away from one’s destiny

A

Jonah complex

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