MT2 Definitions

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs

Question 2

Absorption

Answer 2

Process of incorporation of a drug into the bloodstream

Movement of a drug from the site of administration to the central compartment

Question 3

Pinocytosis

Answer 3

Invagination of part of the cell membrane to form vacuoles

Question 4

First pass metabolism

Answer 4

Phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation

Question 5

Bioavailability

Answer 5

Fraction of unchanged drug in the systemic circulation

Question 6

Reabsorption

Answer 6

Process of re-incorporating a drug into the bloodstream by excreting organs

Question 7

Distribution

Answer 7

Movement of a drug from the bloodstream into:

• various tissues around the body
• the site of target tissues/cells

Question 8

Apparent volume of distribution

Answer 8

Hypothetical volume of fluid into which a drug distributes

Question 9

Perfusion-limited

Answer 9

Used in describing the lack or slowness of drug action due to the target organ’s low perfusion rate

Question 10

Permeability-limited

Answer 10

Used in describing the lack or slowness of drug action due to the drug’s ability to move across the biological membrane to target organs/sites

Question 11

Fick’s Law of diffusion equation.

Answer 11

DM/dt = D*A(Ch-Cl)

/X

Question 12

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

study of the fates of drugs in the body or what the body does to the drug

Question 13

Describe comparmentalization.

Answer 13

Each organ/tissue contains different biomolecules and cell types that could affect the distribution/retention of a drug

Question 14

Drug elimination

Answer 14

Irreversible process of getting rid of a drug from the body. Includes excretion and metabolism

Question 15

Clearance

Answer 15

The volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time (L/hr)

Question 16

Drug half-life

Answer 16

Time required for the drug concentration to change (Decrease) by 50%

Question 17

Steady state

Answer 17

Condition achieved when drug elimination is equivalent to drug administration

Question 18

Aromatic oxidation

Answer 18

add OH to para position

Question 19

Aliphatic oxidation

Answer 19

add OH to end of alkyl group (primary alcohol)

Question 20

Epoxidation

Answer 20

Adding -O- group to alkene, then further into (OH)-C-C-(OH)

Question 21

Oxidative de-alkylation

Answer 21

Alkyl group is removed, hetro-atom (N, S, O) has H instead

Question 22

Oxidative de-amination

Answer 22

NH2 removed, carbon that N-previously attached to becomes C=0

Question 23

Deactivation

Answer 23

Metabolites are less active than parental molecules, or inactive

Question 24

Trans-activation

Answer 24

metabolites are as active

Question 25

Activation

Answer 25

Pro-drugs become active metabolites and responsible for the activity

Question 26

Toxification

Answer 26

Metabolites are toxic

Question 27

Drug excretion

Answer 27

Final common pathway for the elimination of drugs

Question 28

Drug interactions

Answer 28

a situation in which a substance affects the activity of a drug when they are administered together
Two types: drug/drug or drug/food
Can occur during all steps of pharmacokinetics.

Question 29

Additive effect

Answer 29

Phenomenon of drug interaction where two drugs in combination produce the sum of their effects

Question 30

potentiation

Answer 30

Interaction between two or more drugs resulting in a pharmacological response greater than the sum of individual responses to each drug

Question 31

Synergism

Answer 31

Interaction between two or more drugs causes an increase in the effects of one or both of the drugs.