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Intro to Pharmacology > MT1 - Review - Important Concepts > Flashcards

MT1 - Review - Important Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology is derived from what two words?

What do they mean?

A

Pharmakon - magical substance, treatment or poison

logos - word, discourse, or bodies of knowledge

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2
Q

Provide the biological functioning classification of drugs.

A

1 - Drugs with selective toxicity (penicillin)
2 - Drugs used to replace inadequacies or naturally occuring substances (insulin)
3 - Drugs that change regulation (birth control)
4 - Drugs that alter mood or behaviour (alcohol)

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3
Q

Provide the clinical purpose classification of drugs.

A

1 - Curing illnesses (penicillin)
2 - Preventing diseases (vaccine)
3 - Improving health/quality of life (sleeping pills)

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4
Q

What are common routes of administration?

A

Oral ingestion, injection

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5
Q

What are the factors to consider when choosing a route of administration?

A 
Molecular properties of the drug
Physiological nature of the route
Patient compliance
Onset of action
Condition being treated
Systemic or local effect
Metabolism
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6
Q

What are the different parenteral routes of administration?

A

IV - to vein
IM - to muscle
SC - to fat or CT
IO - to bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the other administration routes?

A

Sublingual, transdermal, rectal, topical, pulmonary

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8
Q

Dosage forms of enteral administration

A

Tablet, capsule, elixir, solution, syrup

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9
Q

Advantages of enteral administration

A

safest
most convenient
most economical

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10
Q

Disadvantages of enteral administration

A

Limited absorption for lipid soluble drugs
Certain drugs cause emesis (irritation)
Destruction of the drug due to low pH, food or other drugs

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11
Q

What is the dosage form of parenteral administration?

A

injections

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12
Q

Advantages of parenteral administration

A

Rapid, extensive and predictable
Effective dose can be delivered efficiently during emergency
Drug delivered in active form

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13
Q

Disadvantages of parenteral route

A

Pain
Asepsis must be maintained
Training required

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14
Q

Dosage form of sublingual

A

Orodisperable or orally disintegrating tablets

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15
Q

Transdermal dosage form

A

Cream, past, controlled-release patches

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16
Q

Rectal dosage form

A

Suppository

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17
Q

Pulmonary dosage form

A

Volatile liquids, aerosols, gases

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18
Q

Difference between topical and transdermal?

A

Topical - local - site of administration is the site of action

Transdermal - systemic - site of administration is not the site of action

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19
Q

Provide the route of administration and effective time in order of increasing time

A

IV, IO > endotracheal, inhalation > sublingual > IM > SC > rectal > ingestion > [transdermal] (Variable)

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20
Q

Factors affecting the strength of an acid

A

Any factor stabilizing the conjugate base will make a stronger acid:

  • resonance and induction stabilization
  • reduction of electron density on the atom
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21
Q

Factors affecting the strength of a base

A

Availability of lone pair electrons

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22
Q

Improving the formulation of a biological compound that dissolves poorly can be accomplished by?

A
  • create/form a salt
  • decrease particle size
  • find and use a better solvent
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23
Q

What are the immiscible solvents used to determine the P-value?
What phases do they represent?

A

water - aqueous phase

n-octanol - organic phase

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24
Q

What is Lipinski’s rule of 5?

A 
For all orally administered drugs:
- No more than 5 hydrogen bond donors
- No more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors
- MW less than 500 Da
- log P less than 5
(no more than 7 rotatable bonds)
25
Q

Isomers will differ from one another in what way?

A

Potency, duration, side effects/desirable effects

26
Q

What are the different causes of non-compliance?

A 
Frequency/time of administration
multiple drugs
age
Patient conditions
ease of administration
27
Q

What routes/rates is pharmacokinetics concerned with?

A

Route of administration
Rate and extent of absorption
Rate of distribution (particularly to site of action)
Rate of elimination

28
Q

Absorption is not needed for what route of administration?

29
Q

What are the different capillary types?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous/sinusoid

30
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

NS, Muscle, Fat

31
Q

Where are continuous capillaries with many transport vesicles located?

A

Finger, gonad, skeletal muscle, skin

32
Q

Where are continuous capillaries with few vesicles located?

A

CNS - part of the BBB

33
Q

What is the route of administration for continuous capillaries with many transport vesicles?

A

IM, topical

34
Q

What is the route of administration for continuous capillaries with few transport vesicles?

A

epidural lumbar injection

35
Q

What is the location of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Intestinal villi, pancreas, endocrine gland, kidney glomeruli

36
Q

What is the route of administration for fenestrated capillaries?

37
Q

What is the administration route for discontinuous capillaries?

A

intraosseus injection

38
Q

What is the administration route for discontinuous capillaries?

A

intraosseus injection

39
Q

What types of drugs use active transport?

A

Drugs that have similar structures to cellular metabolites

40
Q

What types of drugs use ion-pair transport?

A

Drugs as organic anions or cations

41
Q

What types of drugs use vesicle formations?

A

Hormone-related drugs

42
Q

Compare passive and active transport

A

Passive

  • No ATP hydrolysis
  • Follows Fick’s Law

Active

  • ATP hydrolysis
  • Against concentration gradient
  • Requires carrier/transporter
43
Q

Factors affecting drug absorption

A 
Drug properties:
- pKa
- P-value
Other factors:
- blood flow
- surface area
- contact time
44
Q

Factors affecting enteral absorption

A

Presence of food, other drugs

Plasma protein binding

45
Q

What are the excreting organs related to reabsorption?

A

Kidney, mammary gland, LI, gallbladder

46
Q

What are the two factors of distribution?

A

Perfusion

Permeability

47
Q

Describe interactions of drugs with plasma proteins

A

Reversible
intermolecular interactions
Surface
High capacity, low affinity

48
Q

What are the factors that affect drug distribition

A 
Human Body:
- Blood perfusion
- membrane permeability
- Biomolecules
Drug properties:
- pKa
- P-value
-affinity for macromolecules/serum proteins
49
Q

Drugs falling under pattern 1 of drug distribution are located where?

A

In the blood

50
Q

Drugs falling under pattern 2 of drug distribution are located where?

A

Total body of water

51
Q

Drugs falling under pattern 3 of drug distribution are located where?

A

Specific organs or tissues

52
Q

Drugs falling under pattern 4 of drug distribution are located where?

A

Various organs

53
Q

Describe type one drugs.

A

Large drugs - high MW

  • highly charged
  • high affinity for plasma proteins
54
Q

Describe type two drugs

A

Small drugs with low MW

follow the distribution of water molecules

55
Q

Describe type 3 drugs

A

Drugs with affinity for special proteins/biomolecules of a specific organs

56
Q

Describe type 4 drugs

A

Combination of patterns 1 and 2
Most drug’s distribution pattern
Non-uniformly distribute through the body’s compartments

57
Q

Describe the rule of 60:40:20

A 
60% - Total body water
40% - intracellular fluid
20% - extracelluar fluid
16% - interstitial fluid
4% - plasma
58
Q

The rate of distribution is determined by what factors?

A

Perfusion

permeability

59
Q

The extent of distribution is determined by what factors?

A

pH-pKa
P-value
Plasma protein binding
intracellular binding

Intro to Pharmacology (23 decks)

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