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Intro to Pharmacology > Drug information and intermolecular interactions - Part 1 > Flashcards

Drug information and intermolecular interactions - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What would a hypoglycemic agent be used to treat?

A

Diabetes

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2
Q

What does an anesthetic do?

A

Numbing agent

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3
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

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4
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A

Pain, fever, and to stop coagulation

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5
Q

What was the first version of penicillin called?

What was its issue?

A

Penicillin D
Did not absorb well - broke down in stomach acid
- 4 member ring not stable

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6
Q

How was penicillin D made to be a better drug?

A

Added other functional groups and bulky group to protect the drug.

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7
Q

Why is an aromatic base worse than an aliphatic one?

A

An aromatic group will take away the free floating electron.

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8
Q

What does an anti-cholinergic drug do?

When are drugs like these used?

A

Makes the muscles slow down in terms of movements.

Used in eyedrops - makes pupils dilate to the doctor can examine them.

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9
Q

What was the purpose of using an atropine elixir?

A

Atropine - plant that provides anti-cholinergic alkaloid.

Used when a person coughed a lot - bronchodilation to relieve.

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10
Q

What is a hard drug? Provide an example.

A

A hard drug will induce dependence.

ex: Morphine

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11
Q

Why is morphine not used for treating pain as much?

A

Not a very specific drug.

Functions in pain relief, but also causes euphoria.

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12
Q

What is stereochemistry?

A

Branch of chemistry dealing with isomers, 3D structure and form.

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13
Q

Why is stereochemistry important in pharmacology?

A

Confirmations will change the function and dictate how the drug interacts with a receptor.

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14
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

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15
Q

Covalent bonds can vary in what two regards?

A

Bond strength and bond length.

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16
Q

As bond length increases, bond energy goes ___.

A

up (i.e. more energy needed to break it)

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17
Q

As bond strength increases, bond energy goes ___.

A

up (i.e. more energy needed to break it)

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18
Q

What is an electrostatic or ionic bond?

A

Characterized by transferring the valence electrons.

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19
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds.

A

Attraction force that varies in strength and is weaker than electrostatic interactions but stronger than vdW interactions.
Involves hydrogen bond donors and acceptors.
NO BONDS ARE FORMED

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20
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds very important in pharmacology?

A

Because are body is water based, many compounds will form hydrogen bonds.
Although the force itself is small, accumulation can make it great - ex: DNA hybridization

21
Q

When indicating a hydrogen bond, what must you do?

A

DRAW A DASHED LINE!

22
Q

What is a hydrogen bond acceptor?

A

An atom with high electronegativity (ex: Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, sulfur) which functions to attract the hydrogen of a hydrogen-bearing group (such as water).

23
Q

What must a hydrogen bond donor have?

A

A hydrogen

24
Q

A drug target is most often a donor or acceptor of hydrogen bonds?

A

Function as both

25
Q

With increasing possible H-bonds, what occurs to the compound?

A

It is more water soluble

26
Q

What are van der waals interactions?

A

The sum of the attractive or repulsive forces between molecules.
Also called a hydrophobic interaction.
i.e. a molecule will attract a molecule with similar properties, and repel those dissimilar away

27
Q

Why does it make thermodynamic sense that non-polar substances interact together?

A

vdw interactions will cause these to repel water, thereby causing disorganization, raising entropy and thus free energy.

28
Q

What are the different kinds of intermolecular interactions (bonding forces)?

A

Electrostatic bonds - ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals interactions

29
Q

Intermolecular interactions can be classified by type, but also by _______. These are?

A

Specificity

1 - Specific interactions
2 - Non-specific interactions

30
Q

Non-specific interactions cause what?

A

Undesirable effects such as side effects and toxicity.

31
Q

Specific interactions include what?

A

Drug transports.

Drug-target interactions or drug actions

32
Q

Morphine”s euphoric effect would be classified how according to intermolecular interactions?

A

Non-specific interactions

33
Q

Some biological targets are very sensitive for a ______.

This means that there are strong interactions, in some cases, with only some ________.

A

ligand

isomers

34
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

35
Q

What are the different kinds of isomers?

A

Positional isomers
Geometric isomers
Enantiomers
Diastereomers

36
Q

What is a positional isomer?

A

(won’t ask for definition)

Position of the functional group is different between compounds (ex: n-octanol vs. i-octanol)

37
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

(won’t ask for definition)

Isomers that cannot be superimposed on each other - i.e. mirror image

38
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

(won’t ask for definition)
Compounds differing from each other in the arrangement of groups with respect to a double bond, ring, or other rigid structure.

39
Q

What is a diastereomer?

A

(won’t ask for definition)

compounds with different configurations at one or more chiral centers.

40
Q

Why are isomers important to take not of in pharmacology?

A

Because the two molecules can produce either desirable or undesirable effects.

41
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

even mixture of both enantiomers

42
Q

Why are most drugs sold in a pharmacy sold as a racemic mixture?

A

This is because, to isolate the isomers from one another is hard and costly.
As long as the other form doesn’t produce side effects, this is cheaper and sold as such.

43
Q

Interaction strength can have two different effects. What are they?
Why?

A

A stronger interaction will either increase effect duration or, increase potency.
With a tighter, more specific interaction, a higher-energy bond will be formed, and more energy is required to break it.

44
Q

A neoplastic agent functions in what?

A

Anti-cancer drug

45
Q

An estrogenic antineoplastic agent would most likely function in what?

A

Drug against breast cancer

Most likely an antagonist

46
Q

Describe the issues with thalidomide.

A

Drug used to treat morning sickness during the first trimester.
Babies of mothers who used to drug started to have missing limbs.
Determined one of the enantiomers was teratogenic.
The S isomer caused this, rather than the R.

47
Q

What is thalidomide used for now?

A

Leprosy treatment.

48
Q

What is ephedrine used for?

What was it misused for?

A

Ephedrine was used as a bronchodilator.

Was misused as a stimulant and appetite suppressant used for weight loss.

Intro to Pharmacology (23 decks)

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