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medical terminology > mt midterm rev. chp2 > Flashcards

mt midterm rev. chp2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are organ systems composed of

A

organs

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2
Q

what are organs composed of

A

tissues

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3
Q

what are tissues composed of

A

cells

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4
Q

what are cells composed of

A

organelles

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5
Q

what are organelles composed of

A

molecules

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6
Q

what are molecules composed of

A

atoms

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7
Q

cell

A

smallest unit in the body capable of independent existence

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8
Q

conception

A

fertilization of the egg by a cell to form a zygote

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9
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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10
Q

cytologist

A

someone who specializes in the study of cells

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11
Q

fertilization

A

union of the male sperm and the female egg

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12
Q

fertilize in vitro

A

combining sperm and egg in petri dish and placing resulting embryos in a uterus

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13
Q

fertilize

A

penetration of the egg by sperm

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14
Q

organ

A

structure with specific functions in a body system

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15
Q

organelle

A

part of a cell with specialized function

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16
Q

organism

A

any whole living, individual, plant or animal

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17
Q

tissue

A

collection of similar cells

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18
Q

zygote

A

cell resulting from union of sperm and egg

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19
Q

the zygote divides into

A

different cells with specific functions, kind of like a complex factory

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20
Q

how many functions do the divided cells of a zygote have mainly

A

5

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21
Q

what do the divided zygote cells manufacture?

A

proteins and lipids

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22
Q

what do the divided zygote cells produce

A

energy and manage the use of it

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23
Q

who do the divided cells of a zygote communicate with

A

other cells

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24
Q

what do the divided cells of a zygote replicate

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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25
Q

what does the divided cell of a zygote reproduce

A

itself

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26
Q

anabolism

A

the buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones as a part of metabolism

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27
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances as a part of metabolism

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28
Q

chromosome

A

body in the nucleus containing dna and genes

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29
Q

how many molecules of dna in a nucleus?

A

46

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30
Q

how many chromosomes (typically) in the nucleus?

A

46

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31
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

clear gelatinous substance that forms everything in the cell except for the nucleus. crowded with diff organelles

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32
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

source of hereditary characteristics found in chromosome

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33
Q

electrolyte

A

substance that, when dissolved in suitable mediums, form electrically charged particles

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34
Q

hormone

A

chemical formed in a tissue or organ carried by the blood to stimulate function of another tissue/organ

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35
Q

lipid

A

general term for all types of fatty compounds

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36
Q

membrane

A

thin layer of tissue covering structure or cavity

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37
Q

metabolism

A

constantly changing physical and chemical processes occuring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism and catabolism

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38
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles that generate, store adn release energy for cell activities

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39
Q

nucleus

A

functional center of a cell or structure

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40
Q

protein

A

class of food substances based on amino acids

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41
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

information carrier from dna in the nucleus to an organelle to produce protein molecules

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42
Q

steroid

A

large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components

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43
Q

chromatin

A

DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division

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44
Q

chromosome

A

body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes

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45
Q

epigenetics

A

study of disorders produces by the effect of chemical compounds or environmental influences like genes

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46
Q

gene

A

functional unit of heredity in a chromosome

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47
Q

genome

A

complete set of chromosomes

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48
Q

helix

A

spiral of nucleotides in the structure of dna

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49
Q

heredity

A

transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

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50
Q

hereditary

A

transmissible from parent to offspring

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51
Q

histone

A

simple protein found in cell nucleus

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52
Q

karyotype=

A

chromosome characteristics of an individual cell

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53
Q

mitosis

A

cell division to create two identical cells, each with 46 chromosomes

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54
Q

mutation

A

permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

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55
Q

nucleotide

A

combination of dna base, sugar molecule, phosphate molecule

56
Q

phenotype

A

manifestation of a genome

57
Q

replicate

A

to produce an exact copy

58
Q

cytogenetics

A

study of chromosomal abnormalities in a cell

59
Q

dysmorphology

A

study of developmental structural defects

60
Q

dysmorphic

A

posessing a developmental structural defect

61
Q

fetus

A

human organism from the end of the eighth week to birth

62
Q

predictive

A

likelihood of a disease or disorder being present or occuring in the future

63
Q

prenatal

A

before birth

64
Q

therapy

A

systematic treatment of disease disfunction or disorder

65
Q

therapeutic

A

curing or capable of curing a disorder or disease

66
Q

how many primary tissue groups are ther

A

4

67
Q

connective tissue group function

A

bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat

68
Q

connective tissue group location

A

throughout the body, in blood, bone, cartilage, and fat

69
Q

epithelial tissue group function

A

protect, secrete, absorb, excret

70
Q

epithelial tissue group location

A

cover the body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands

71
Q

muscle tissue group function

A

movement

72
Q

muscle tissue group location

A

attached to bones, found in the walls of hollow tubes, organs and the heart

73
Q

nervous tissue group function

A

transmit impulses for coordination, sensory reception, motor action

74
Q

nervous tissue group location

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

75
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joints interior

76
Q

connective tissue

A

supporting tissue of the body

77
Q

cruciate

A

shaped like a cross

78
Q

graft

A

transplantation of living tissue

79
Q

histology

A

study of structures and functions of cells, tissues and organs

80
Q

histologist

A

specialist in histology

81
Q

ligament

A

band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

82
Q

meniscus

A

disc of cartilage between bones of a joint

83
Q

muscle

A

tissue consisting of contractile cells

84
Q

patella

A

thin bone imbedded in the patellar tendon infront of the knee joint

85
Q

patellar

A

pertaining to the patella

86
Q

therapy

A

systematic treatment of disease, dysfunction or disorder

87
Q

therapeutic

A

pertaining to treatment of disease or disorder

88
Q

therapist

A

professional trained in the practice of a particular therapy

89
Q

capsule

A

fibrous tissue layer surrounding joint or other structure

90
Q

cartilage

A

nonvacular and firm connective tissue found mostly in joinsts

91
Q

collagen

A

major protein of conective tissue, cartilage and boen

92
Q

matrix

A

substance surrounding and protecting cells, is manufactured by the cells, and holds them together

93
Q

nutrient

A

`substance in food required for normal physiologic function

94
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering a bone

95
Q

synovial

A

pertaning to synovial membrane or fluid

96
Q

tendon

A

fibrous band connecting muscle to bone

97
Q

cardiovascular

A

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

98
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into elements more suitable for metabolism

99
Q

digestive

A

pertaining to digestion

100
Q

endocrine

A

gland producing internal or hormonal substance

101
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining the stability of a system or the body’s internal environment

102
Q

integument

A

organ system covering the body, skin being the main organ within the system

103
Q

lymph

A

clear fluid collected from body tissues, transported by limp vessels to the venous circulation

104
Q

nervous

A

pertaining to a nerve/nervous system, or easily excited or agitated

105
Q

respiration

A

process of breathing

106
Q

skeleton

A

bony framework of the body

107
Q

urinary

A

pertaining to urine

108
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structures of the human body

109
Q

anterior

A

the front surface of the body, situated in the front

110
Q

caudal

A

pertaining to/nearer to the tailbone

111
Q

cephalic

A

pertaining to or nearer to the head

112
Q

coronal

A

pertaining to the vertical plan dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

113
Q

distal

A

situated away from the center of body

114
Q

dorsal

A

pertaining to the back or situated behind

115
Q

inferior

A

situated below

116
Q

lateral

A

situated at the side of a structure

117
Q

medial

A

nearer to the middle of the body

118
Q

posterior

A

pertaining to the back surface of the body, situated behind

119
Q

prone

A

laying face down, flat on your stomach

120
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest to the center of your bodu

121
Q

sagittal

A

vertical plane through the body dividing it into right and left portions

122
Q

superior

A

situated above

123
Q

supine

A

lying face up, flat on your spine

124
Q

transverse

A

horizontal plane diving body into upper and lower portions

125
Q

ventral

A

pertaining to the stomach or situated near the surface of the stomachab

126
Q

abdomen

A

part of the trunk between the thorax and the pelvis

127
Q

cavity

A

a hollow space or body compartment

128
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the cranium

129
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular sheet seperating the abdominal and thoracic cavities

130
Q

quadrant

A

one of the four regions of the surface of the abdomen

131
Q

spine

A

vertabral column or short bony projection

132
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

133
Q

thorax

A

the part of trunk between the abdomen and nekc

134
Q

umbilical

A

pertaining to the umbilicus or the center of the abdomen

135
Q

umbilicus

A

pit in the abdomen where umbilical cord entered the fetus

136
Q
A

medical terminology (7 decks)

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