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chapter 9 review Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gastroenterologists

A

medical specialists in the field of gastroenterology.

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2
Q

proctologist

A

surgical specialists in diseases of the anus and rectum

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3
Q

dentists

A

qualified practitioners in the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex

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4
Q

periodontists

A

specialists in disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

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5
Q

nutritionists

A

professionals preventing and treating illness by promoting healthy eating habits

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6
Q

dietitians

A

manage food services systems and promote good eating habits

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7
Q

alimentary

A

pertaining to the digestive tract

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8
Q

alimentary canal

A

digestive tract

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9
Q

anus

A

terminal opening of the digestive tract where feces are discharged

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10
Q

anal

A

pertaining to the anus

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11
Q

bariatric

A

treatment of obesity

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food into elements suitable for cell metabolism

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14
Q

digestive

A

pertaining to digestion

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15
Q

esophagus

A

tube linking pharynx and stomach

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16
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

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17
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical specialty of stomach and intestines

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18
Q

gastroenterologist

A

medical specialist in gastroenterology

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19
Q

gastrointestinal

A

pertaining to stomach and intestines

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20
Q

intestine

A

digestive tube from stomach to anus

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21
Q

intestinal

A

pertaining to the intestines

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22
Q

laparoscopy

A

examination of contents of abdomen using an endoscope

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23
Q

laparoscope

A

instrument (endoscope) used for viewing abdominal contents

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24
Q

laparoscopic

A

pertaining to laparoscopy

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25
Q

nutrient

A

substance in food required for normal physiologic function

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26
Q

nutritive

A

providing nourishment

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27
Q

nutrition

A

study of food and lipid requirements for normal function of the human body

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28
Q

nutritionist

A

certified professional in nutrition science

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29
Q

amylase

A

one of a group of enzymes that breaks down starch

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30
Q

bolus

A

single mass of a substance

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31
Q

deglutition

A

the act of swallowing

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32
Q

elimination

A

removal of waste material from the digestive tract

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33
Q

enzyme

A

protein that induces changes in other substances

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34
Q

lipase

A

enzyme that breaks down fat

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35
Q

masticate

A

to chew

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36
Q

mastication

A

the process of chewing

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37
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of alternate contraction and relaxation of the intestinal wall to move food along the digestive tract

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38
Q

protease

A

group of enzymes that breaks down protein

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39
Q

dentine / dentin

A

dense, ivory like substance located under the enamel in the tooth

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40
Q

dentist

A

qualified practitioner in the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the oral-facial complex

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41
Q

enamel

A

hard substance covering a tooth

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42
Q

mouth

A

external opening of a cavity or canal

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43
Q

nasopharynx

A

region of the pharynx at the back of the nose and above the soft palate

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44
Q

oral

A

pertaining to the mouth

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45
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

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46
Q

papilla

A

any small projection

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47
Q

parotid

A

the parotid gland is the salivary gland beside the ear

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48
Q

pulp

A

dental pulp is the connective tissue in the cavity in the center of the tooth

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49
Q

saliva

A

secretion in mouth from salivary glands

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50
Q

salivary

A

pertaining to salivas

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51
Q

sublingual

A

underneath the tongue

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52
Q

submandibular

A

underneath the mandible

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53
Q

tongue

A

mobile muscle mass in the mouth, bears the taste buds

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54
Q

uvula

A

fleshy projection of the soft palate

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55
Q

aphthous

A

painful small oral ulcers (canker sores)

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56
Q

canker

A

nonmedical term for aphthous ulcer

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57
Q

caries

A

bacterial destruction of teeth

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58
Q

gingiva

A

tissue surrounding the teeth and covering the jaw

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59
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

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60
Q

gingivectomy

A

surgical removal of diseased gum tissue

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61
Q

glossodynia

A

painful, burning tongue

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62
Q

halitosis

A

bad odor of the breath

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63
Q

periodontal

A

around a tooth

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64
Q

peridontics

A

branch of dentistry specializing in disorders of tissues around the teeth

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65
Q

periodontist

A

specialist in periodontics

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66
Q

periodontitis

A

inflammation of tissues around a tooth

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67
Q

plaque

A

patch of abnormal tissue

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68
Q

pyorrhea

A

purulent discharge

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69
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth

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70
Q

tartar

A

calcified deposit at the gingival margin of the teeth

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71
Q

thrush

A

infection with candida albicans

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72
Q

asymptomatic

A

without any symptoms or abnormalities experienced by the patient

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73
Q

symptomatic

A

pertaining to the symptoms of a disease

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74
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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75
Q

emesis

A

vomith

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76
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of red blood

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77
Q

esophagus

A

tube linking pharynx to stomach

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78
Q

esophageal

A

pertaining to the esophagus

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79
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the esophagus

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80
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of a structure through the tissue that normally contains it

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81
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

repair of a hernia

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82
Q

hiatus

A

an opening through a structure

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83
Q

hiatal

A

pertaining to a hiatus

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84
Q

sphincter

A

a band of muscle that encircles an opening; when it contracts, the opening squeezes closed

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84
Q

reflux

A

backward flow

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85
Q

varix

A

dialated, tortuous vein

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86
Q

varicose

A

characterized by or affected with varices

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87
Q

chyme

A

semifluid, partially digested food passed from stomach into the duodenum

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88
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine, approx. 9-10 inches in length

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89
Q

gastrin

A

hormone secreted in the stomach stimulating secretion of HCI and increasing gastric motility

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90
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

the acid of gastric juice

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91
Q

intrinsic factor

A

makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen

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92
Q

mucus

A

sticky secretion of cells in mucous membranes

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93
Q

mucin

A

protein element of mucus

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94
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme made by the stomach that breaks down proteinp

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95
Q

pepsinogen

A

converted by HCI in the stomach to pepsin

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96
Q

pylorus

A

exit area of the sotmach

97
Q

pryloric

A

pertaining to the pylorus

98
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients and water by cells in the GI tract

99
Q

anorexia

A

without an appetite, or an aversion to food

100
Q

cecum

A

blind pouch that is the first part of the large intestine

101
Q

cecal

A

pertaining to the cecum

102
Q

dyspepsia

A

upset stomach, including epigastric pain, nausea, and gas

103
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach

104
Q

gastroesophageal

A

pertaining to the stomach and the esophagus

105
Q

gastroscope

A

endoscope for examining the inside of the stomach

106
Q

gastroscopy

A

endoscopic exam of the stomach

107
Q

ileum

A

third portion of small intestine

108
Q

ileocecal

A

pertaining to the junction of the ileum and cecum

109
Q

indegestion

A

symptoms resulting from difficulty in digesting food

110
Q

jejunum

A

segment of small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

111
Q

jejunal

A

pertaining to the jejunum

112
Q

peptic

A

related to the stomach and duodenum

113
Q

perforation

A

a hole through the wall of a structure

114
Q

stricture

A

narrowing of a tube

115
Q

caliac

A

relating to the abdominal cavity

116
Q

celiac disease

A

disease caused by a sensitivity to gluten

117
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

118
Q

giardia

A

parasite that can affect the small intestine

119
Q

gluten

A

insoluble protein found in wheat, barley and rye

120
Q

ileus

A

dynamic or mechanical obstruction of small intestine

121
Q

intussusception

A

the slippage of one part of the bowel inside another, causing obstruction

122
Q

bile

A

fluid secreted by the liver into the duodenum

123
Q

bile acids

A

steroids synthesized from cholesterol

124
Q

billary

A

pertaining to bile or the billary tract

125
Q

billrubin

A

bile pigment formed in the liver from hemoglobin

126
Q

cirrhosis

A

extensive fibrotic liver disease

127
Q

glycogen

A

the body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

128
Q

hepatic

A

pertaining to the liver

129
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

130
Q

jaundice

A

yellow staining of tissues with bile pigments, including bilirubin

131
Q

liver

A

body’s largest organ,located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen

132
Q

pedal

A

pertaining to the foot

133
Q

provisional diagnosis

A

temporary diagnosis pending further examination or testing

134
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

135
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

136
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct

137
Q

cholelithiasis

A

condition of having bile stones (gallstones)

138
Q

cholelithotomy

A

surgical removal of a gallstone

139
Q

endocrine

A

gland producing an internal or hormonal substance and secreting it into the bloodstream

140
Q

exocrine

A

a gland secreting substances outwardly through excretory ducts

141
Q

gallstone

A

hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and bilirubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and the bile duct

142
Q

gallbladder

A

receptacle on the interior surface of the liver for storing bile

143
Q

glucagon

A

hormone that mobilizes glucose from body storage

144
Q

insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that suppresses blood glucose levels and transports glucose into cells

145
Q

pancreas

A

lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum

146
Q

pancreatic

A

pertaining to the pancreas

147
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

148
Q

diarrhea

A

abnormally frequent and loose stools

149
Q

endoscopy

A

use of an endoscope

150
Q

endoscope

A

instrument used to examine the inside of a tubular or hollow organ

151
Q

flatulence

A

excessive amounts of gas in the stomach and intestines

152
Q

flatus

A

gas or air expelled through the anus

153
Q

glycogen

A

the body’s principal carbohydrate reserve, stored in the liver and skeletal muscle

154
Q

malabsorption

A

inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients

155
Q

portal vein

A

the vein carrying blood from the intestines to the liver

156
Q

starch

A

complex carb made of multiple units of glucose attached together

157
Q

villus

A

thin, hairlike projection, particularly of a mucous membrane lining a cavity

158
Q

amino acid

A

the basic building block for protein

159
Q

chyle

A

milky fluid resulting from the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine

160
Q

chron disease

A

narrowing and thickening of terminal small intestine

161
Q

dysentery

A

disease with diarrhea, bowel spasms, fever and dehydration

162
Q

emulsify

A

break up into very small droplets to suspend in a solution

163
Q

emulsion

A

system containing small droplets suspended in a liquid

164
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

165
Q

lacteal

A

lymphatic vessel carrying chyle away from the intestine

166
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide in cow’s milk

167
Q

lactase

A

enzyme breaking down lactose to glucose

168
Q

lipase

A

enzyme breaking down fat

169
Q

lipid

A

general term for all types of fatty compounds, e.g. cholesterol, triglycerides, and fatty acids

170
Q

mineral

A

inorganic compound usually found in the earth’s crust

171
Q

anus

A

terminal opening of the digestive tract through which feces are discharged

172
Q

anorectal juntion

A

the junction between the anus and rectum

173
Q

appendix

A

small blind projection from the pouch of the cecum

174
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

175
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

176
Q

colon

A

large intestine, extending from the cecum to the rectum

177
Q

colic

A

spasmodic, crampy pains in the abdomen

178
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

179
Q

feces

A

undigested waste material discharged from the bowel

180
Q

defacation

A

evacuation of feces from rectum and anus

181
Q

flexure

A

a band in a structure

182
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

band of muscle encircling the junction of the ileum and the cecum

183
Q

rectum

A

terminal part of the colon from the sigmoid to the anal canal

184
Q

sigmoid

A

sigmoid colon is shaped like an S

185
Q

bowel

A

another name for intestine

186
Q

diverticulum

A

a pouchlike opening or sac from a tubular structure

187
Q

diverticulosis

A

presence of a number of small pouches in the wall of the large intestine

188
Q

diverticulitis

A

infalmmation of the diverticula

189
Q

fissue

A

deep furrow or cleft

190
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage

191
Q

hemorrhoid

A

dilated rectal vein producing painful anal swelling

192
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

193
Q

melena

A

passage of black, tarry stools

194
Q

occult blood

A

blood that cant be seen in the stool but is positive on a fecal occult blood test

195
Q

hemoccult test

A

trade name for a fecal occult blood test

196
Q

peritoneum

A

membrane lining abdominal cavity

197
Q

peritoneal

A

pertaining to the peritoneum

198
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

199
Q

polyp

A

mass of tissue projecting into the lumen of the bowel

200
Q

polyposis

A

presence of several polyps

201
Q

POLYPECTOMY

A

excision or removal of a polyp

202
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the lining of the rectum

203
Q

proctologist

A

surgical specialist in diseases of the anus and rectum

204
Q

angiography

A

process of recording the image of blood vessels after injection of contrast materail

205
Q

anoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the anus

206
Q

aspiration

A

removal by suction of fluid or gas from a body cavity

207
Q

cholangiography

A

xray of the bile ducts after injection or ingestion of a contrast medium

208
Q

colonoscopy

A

endoscopic exam of the colon

209
Q

digital

A

pertaining to a finger or toe

210
Q

endoscope

A

intrument to examine the inside of a tubular or hollow organ

211
Q

endoscopic

A

pertaining to the use of an endoscope

212
Q

enema

A

injection of fluid into the rectum

213
Q

enteroscopy

A

the examination of the lining of the digestive tract

214
Q

gastroscope

A

instrument to view the inside of the stomach

215
Q

gastroscopy

A

endoscopic exam of the stomach

216
Q

ileoscopy

A

endoscopic exam of the ileum

217
Q

lavage

A

washing out of a hollow cavity, tube or organ

218
Q

panendoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum

219
Q

protoscopy

A

exam of the inside of the anus and the rectum by proctoscope or rectoscope

220
Q

resection

A

removal of a specific part of an organ or structure

221
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

endoscopic exam of the sigmoid colon

222
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

223
Q

anastomosis

A

surgically made union between two tubular structures

224
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of the gallbladder

225
Q

cholelithotomy

A

surgical incision to remove a gallstone

226
Q

endocrine

A

gland producing an internal or hormonal substance and secretes it into the bloodstream

227
Q

exocrine

A

a gland that secretes substances outwardly through excretory ducts

228
Q

gallstone

A

hard mass of cholesterol, calcium, and bilirubin that can be formed in the gallbladder and bile duct.

229
Q

gallbladder

A

receptacle on the inferior surface of the liver for storing bile.

230
Q

glucagon

A

hormone that mobilizes glucose from body storage

231
Q

insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that suppresses blood glucose levels and transports glucose into cells

232
Q

pancreas

A

lobulated gland, the head of which is tucked into the curve of the duodenum

233
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

234
Q

flatulence

A

excessive amount of gas in the stomach and intestines

235
Q

flatus

A

gas or air expelled through the anus

236
Q

glycogen

A

bodys principal carb reserve, stores in the liver and skeletal muscle

237
Q

malabsorption

A

inadequate gastrointestinal absorption of nutrients

238
Q

portal vein

A

vein carrying blood from the intestines to the liver

239
Q
A

medical terminology (7 decks)

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