MSK S3 complete Flashcards
0
Q
Which arm of the biceps Brachii is found where?
A
Long - outside or lateral
Short - inside
1
Q
Which nerve supplies the 3 muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm? What are these muscles?
A
Musculocutaneous BBC Biceps brachialis Corocobrachialis
2
Q
Where does the long head of the biceps originate?
A
Supraglenoid tubercle
3
Q
Where does the short head of the biceps originate?
A
Corocoid process
4
Q
Where do the biceps attach distally? Via what?
A
The radial tuberosity
By the bicipital aponeurosis
5
Q
What is the role of the biceps?
A
Supination of the forearm and flexes arm and elbow and shoulder
6
Q
What is the role of the corocobrachialis?
A
It is a flexor and adductor of the arm
7
Q
Where is the brachialis found?
A
More distally that the other muscles of the upper arm
8
Q
Where does the brachialis originate?
A
Medial and lateral surfaces of the numeral shaft
9
Q
Where does the brachialis insert?
A
Into the tuberosity of the ulna
10
Q
What is the role of the brachialis?
A
It is the main flexor at the elbow
11
Q
What are the 3 heads of the triceps called?
A
Long, lateral and medial heads
12
Q
Where does the long head of the triceps originate?
A
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
13
Q
Where does the lateral head of the triceps originate?
A
Humerus, superior to the radial groove
14
Q
Where does the medial head of the triceps originate?
A
Humerus, inferior to the radial groove
15
Q
What are the triceps innervates by?
A
The radial nerve
16
Q
What is the role of the triceps?
A
Extension of the arm at the elbow
17
Q
Where are the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus found?
A
Greater on the outside/ more laterally
Lesser on the inside/ more medially
18
Q
What is the glenoid fossa?
A
The part of the scapula which joins onto the humerus
19
Q
Where is the Supraglenoid tubercle found? What does it attach to?
A
Above the glenoid fossa
Long head of biceps Brachii
20
Q
So which two muscles of the arm attach to the corocoid process?
A
Coracobrachialis
Short heat of biceps
21
Q
What are the two examples of superficial veins in the arm?
A
Cephalic and basilic veins
22
Q
Where do both the cephalic and basilic veins arise from?
A
The dorsal venous network of the hand
23
Q
What are the triceps innervates by?
A
The radial nerve
24
What are superficial veins?
Veins found in the subcutaneous tissue
25
What are deep veins?
Veins found underneath the deep fascia
26
Where do the cephalic and basilic veins join? What are they joined by?
At the elbow
| Joined by median cubical vein
27
How are deep veins arranged? Why are they arranged like this?
Either side of an artery
| Because the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
28
What is is called when two arteries surround a vein?
Venae commit antes
29
How does the cephallic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?
In terminates in the axilla by joining the Axillary vein
30
How does the basilic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?
At the border of the teres major the vein moves deep into the arm and combines with the brachial veins to form the Axillary vein
31
The artery that runs down the arm changes name, to what and when?
SAB
Subclavian changes to Axillary at the lateral margin of the first rib which changes to brachial at the lower border of teres major
32
At what point does the Axillary artery divide into the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries?
At the humoral surgical neck
33
What do the circumflex numeral arteries supply?
The shoulder region
34
Where does the profounda Brachii arise from?
The brachial artery, immediately distal to the teres major
35
What is the role of the profounda Brachii ? Where does it run?
It runs along the radial groove of the humerus
| It supplies a number of vessels at the shoulder joint
36
Where is the radial groove found?
On the posterior side of the humerus. It is where the radial nerve runs.
37
Where is the brachial artery found?
Immediately posterior the the median nerve
38
What happens as the brachial artery passes the cubical fossa?
It terminates and splits into the radial and ulnar nerves
39
From which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise?
Lateral
40
What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5 and C6
41
Which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?
Coracobrachialis
42
Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensory innervation to?
The skin of the lateral aspect of the forearm
43
Which nerve would a stab wound to the axilla most likely effect?
Musculocutaneous
44
What are the roots of the radial nerve?
C5-T1
45
Where does the radial nerve exit the axilla?
Posterior to the brachial artery
46
What muscles of the arm does the radial nerve supply?
The triceps Brachii - first the long and medial heads and when travelling along the radial groove the lateral head
47
As the radial nerve moves inferiorly what does it do?
It accompanies the brachial artery and it innervates the lateral head of triceps
48
In order to enter The forearm what does the radial nerve do?
It moves anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle
| Moves through the cubical fossa
49
Once the radial nerve has entered the forearm what does it do?
Splits into s deep and superficial branch
50
What is the role of the deep branch of the radial nerve?
It is a motor branch
51
What is the role of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?
It is a sensory branch
52
What makes up the lateral border of the cubical fossa?
The medial border of the brachioradialis
53
What makes up the medial border of the cubical fossa?
The lateral border of the pronator teres
54
What makes up the superior border of the cubical fossa?
An imaginary line between the epicondyles
55
What are the 4 things found in the cubital fossa? What pneumonic helps you to remember this?
Really need beer to be at my nicest
| Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
56
What makes up to roof of the cubital fossa?
Skin and muscle and the median cubical vein runs through it
57
What makes up the floor of the cubital fossa?
Proximal is the brachialis
| Distal in the supinator muscle
58
Where do the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder originate from?
originate from the torso, and attach to the bones of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula or humerus).
59
Where do the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder originate from?
originate from the scapula and/or clavicle, and attach to the humerus.
60
What are the examples of the superficial back muscles?
The trapezius and latissimus Dorsi
61
Describe the trapezius muscle
It is a broad, flat and triangular muscle which originates from the skull and C7-T12 of the spinal cord
62
What is the trapezius innervates by?
Accessory nerve
63
What is the role of the trapezius?
It elevates and rotates the scapula
64
From what area does the latissimus Dorsi arise?
The lower part of the back
65
Where does the latissimus Dorsi attach?
It arises from the spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs.
66
What is latissimus Dorsi innervated by?
Thorcodorsal nerve
67
What are the anions of the latissimus Dorsi?
It extends, addicts and medially rotates the arm
68
When the fibres of the latissimus Dorsi converge to where do they attatch?
The intertubecular groove of the humerus
69
Where does the levator scapulae muscle originate from?
The neck, specifically the transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae
70
Where does the levator scapulae muscle attatch to?
The medial border of the scapula
71
What is the role of the levator muscle?
It elevates the scapula
72
What is the levator scapulae muscle innervated by?
The dorsal scapular nerve
73
Which rhomboid muscle is found on top?
The minor is found on top of the major
74
What is the role of the rhomboid major?
It retracts and rotates the scapula
75
What is the role of the rhomboid minor?
It retracts and rotates the scapula
76
What nerve are the rhomboids and the levator scapulae all innervated by?
The dorsal scapula nerve
77
Where does the rhomboid major originate / attatch to?
Spinous process T2-t5
| Attaches to medial border of scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle
78
Where does the rhomboid minor originate/attatch to?
Originates spinous processes C7-T1
| Attatches to medial border of scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.
79
Where does the deltoid muscle originate from?
The clavicle/scapula
80
Where does the deltoid muscle attatch to?
The deltoid tuberosity of the lateral surface of the humerus
81
What nerve is the deltoid muscles innervated by?
The Axillary nerve
82
What is the role of the deltoid muscle?
Anterior fibres- flex the arm at the shoulder
Posterior fibres - extend the arm at the shoulder
Middle fibres - major abductor of the arm. Takes over from the supraspinatus after 15 degrees
83
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles? Where do they originate/attach? What do they do?
Originate from the scapula and attach to the numeral head. They pull the numeral head into the glenoid fossa, giving the glenoidhumeral joint stability.
84
Where does the supraspinatus muscle originate from/attatch to?
O: supraspinatus fossa of the scapula
A: greater tuberosity of the humerus
85
Where does the infraspinatus muscle originate from/attatch to?
O: infraspinatus fossa of the scapula
A: greater tubercle of the humerus
86
Where does the subscapularis muscle originate from/attatch to?
O: subscapula fossa (costal surface)
A: lesser tubercle of humerus
87
Where does the teres minor muscle originate from/attatch to?
O: Posterior surface of the scapula, adjacent to its lateral border
A: greater tubercle of the humerus
88
What is the main role of latissimus Dorsi?
It is an important adductor of the arm
89
What is the supraspinatus muscle innervated by?
Suprascapular nerve
90
What is the infraspinatus muscle innervated by?
Suprascapular nerve
91
What is the subscapularis muscle innervated by?
Upper and lower subscapularis nerves
92
What is the teres minor muscle innervated by?
Axillary nerve
93
What actions does the supraspinatus muscle enable?
Abduction of the arm 0-15 degrees and assists deltoid 15-90deg
94
What actions does the infraspinatus muscle enable?
Lateral rotation of the arm
95
What actions does the subscapularis muscle enable?
Medial rotation of the arm
96
What actions does the teres minor muscle enable?
Lateral rotation of the arm
97
What type of joint is the shoulder joint an example of?
A synovial joint - ball and socket
98
Why is the shoulder joint considered to be instable?
Because the head of the humerus is much larger that the glenoid fossa so there is a disproportion of articular surfaces
99
Which surfaces in the shoulder are considered to be articulating? What does this mean?
The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula. They are covered in hyaline cartilage
100
What 5 things help to stabilise the shoulder joint?
```
Muscles of the rotator cuff
Other muscles
Ligaments
Capsule
Glenoid labrum
```
101
What is the capsule in the shoulder joint?
It is the fibrous sheath which encloses the structure of the joint. It extends from the anatomical neck of the humerus to the border of the glenoid fossa.
102
What is the role of ligaments in the shoulder joint?
The act to reinforce the joint capsule and form the Coraco- caroming arch.
103
What 2 types of ligaments are there?
Intra and extra capsular ligaments
104
What are intra capsular ligaments also known as?
Glenohumeral ligaments
105
What are the 3 types of extra capsular ligaments?
Coracoacromial ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse numeral ligament
106
What are the 3 types of intra capsular ligaments?
Superior, middle and inferior
107
What are the 'other muscles' that stabilise the shoulder joint?
Deltoid
Long head of biceps
Long head of triceps
108
What is the role of the coracoacromial ligament?
It forms the coracoacromial arch. It lies over the shoulder joint and prevents superior displacement of the humeral head
109
What is the role of the coracohumeral ligament?
It supports the superior part of the joint capsule.
110
What is the role of the transverse humoral ligament?
Holds the tendon of the long head of biceps in place during shoulder movement.
111
Where is the coracoacromial ligament found?
Runs between the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula. It forms the coracoacromial arch.
112
What is the coracoacromial arch formed by?
Coracoacromial ligament
Accom ion
Coracoid process
113
Where is the transverse numeral ligament found?
. It spans the distance between the two tubercles of the humerus
114
What is the role of the coracoacromial arch?
It is a strong osseoligamentous structure which overlies the numeral head preventing up displacement of the humerus
115
How do the biceps Brachii attach to the radius?
Via the radial tuberosity
116
How do the biceps Brachii attach to the ulna?
Via the bicipital aponeurosis
117
What is the muscle that causes flexion at the elbow and is an exception? Why is it an exception?
Brachioradialis
| Because it is innervated by the radial nerve, not the musculocutaneous
118
Damage to what leads to winging of the scapula?
The long thoracic nerve
119
Where s the most common site for venepuncture? Why - what vein or artery?
The cubital fossa - the median cubital vein is situated anteriorly at the elbow.
120
What does the median cubital vein connect?
The basillic and cephalic veins
121
If the joint capsule is damaged and heals poorly what effect can this have?
It increased the risk of future dislocations
122
During a anterior dislocation where is the humerus forced and what effect does this have?
Anteriorly ad inferiorly into the weakest part of the capsule, below the coracoid process. Can lead to tearing of the joint capsule
123
If the joint capsule is damaged and heals poorly what effect can this have?
It increased the risk of future dislocations
124
What is the painful arc syndrome most commonly due to?
Repetitive Overuse
125
What is the cause of painful arc syndrome?
Inflammation of the muscle tendons - e.g supraspinatus tendon and also the SA bursa
126
What is the most common symptom of painful arc syndrome?
Pain in the middle of abduction (50-130 degrees) when the affected area comes into contact with the acromion
127
What is painful arc syndrome as example of?
A rotator cuff injury
128
What is the most common cause of damage to the musculocutaneous nerve?
Stab would to axilla region
129
What are the consequences of damage to the musculocutaneous nerve?
BBC muscles paralysed
Flexion at the shoulder weakened (but can still occur due to peec major)
Flexion at the elbow is weakened (but can still occur due to brachioradialis muscle
Supination of the affected limb greatly weakened - but still produced by supinator muscle
130
What is the most common cause of damage to the axillary nerve?
Trauma to the shoulder or proximal humerus such as a fracture of the humerus surgical neck
131
What are the characteristic clinical signs of a damaged axillary nerve?
In long standing cases, the paralysed deltoid muscles rapidly atrophies and the greater tuberosity can be palpated in that area
132
What side effects does a damaged axillary nerve have on motor and sensory functions?
Loss of sensation in regimental badge area
| Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles
133
What are the characteristic clinical signs of a damaged axillary nerve?
In long standing cases, the paralysed deltoid muscles rapidly atrophies and the greater tuberosity can be palpated in that area
134
What are the spinal roots of the ulnar nerve?
C8-T1
135
What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?
Innervates the muscles of the hand (apart from the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals), flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
136
What are the sensory functions of the ulnar nerve>
Innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and the associated palm area.
137
Describe the anatomical course of the ulnar nerve in the arm
After arising from the brachial plexus, the ulnar nerve descends down the medial side of the upper arm. At the elbow, it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle, entering the forearm
138
What is the olecrannon?
It is the thick part of the end of the ulnar which projects behind the elbow
139
Where is the coracohumeral ligament found?
From the base of the coracoid process to the anterior part of the greater tubercle
140
Where is the brachialis found?
More distally that the other muscles of the upper arm - around the elbow region
141
Where is the corocobrachialis found?
On the medial side of the arm, near the armpit
142
Where does the long head of the triceps originate?
Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
143
Where do the heads of the triceps originate?
Top of humerus or scapula
144
Where does the medial head of the triceps originate?
Humerus, inferior to the radial groove
145
What are the triceps innervates by?
The radial nerve
146
What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, C6 and C7
147
What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
The medial border of the brachioradialis
148
What makes up the medial border of the cubital fossa?
The lateral border of the pronator teres
149
What makes up the superior border of the cubital fossa?
An imaginary line between the epicondyles
150
What are the 4 things found in the cubital fossa? What mneumonic helps you to remember this?
Really need beer to be at my nicest
| Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
151
What are the two examples of superficial veins in the arm?
Cephalic and basilic veins
152
Where do both the cephalic and basilic veins arise from?
The dorsal venous network of the hand
153
What are superficial veins?
Veins found in the subcutaneous tissue
154
What are deep veins?
Veins found underneath the deep fascia
155
Where do the cephalic and basilic veins join? What are they joined by?
At the elbow
| Joined by median cubical vein
156
How are deep veins arranged? Why are they arranged like this?
Either side of an artery
| Because the pulsations of the artery aid venous return
157
What is is called when two arteries surround a vein?
Venae commit antes
158
How does the cephallic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?
In terminates in the axilla by joining the Axillary vein
159
How does the basilic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?
At the border of the teres major the vein moves deep into the arm and combines with the brachial veins to form the Axillary vein
160
The artery that runs down the arm changes name, to what and when?
SAB
Subclavian changes to Axillary at the lateral margin of the first rib which changes to brachial at the lower border of teres major
161
At what point does the Axillary artery divide into the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries?
At the humoral surgical neck
162
What do the circumflex numeral arteries supply?
The shoulder region
163
Where does the profounda Brachii arise from?
The brachial artery, immediately distal to the teres major
164
What is the role of the profounda Brachii ? Where does it run?
It runs along the radial groove of the humerus
| It supplies a number of vessels at the shoulder joint
165
Where is the brachial artery found?
Immediately posterior the the median nerve
166
What happens as the brachial artery passes the cubical fossa?
It terminates and splits into the radial and ulnar nerves
167
From which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise?
Lateral
168
What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, C6 and C7
169
Which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?
Coracobrachialis
170
Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensory innervation to?
The skin of the lateral aspect of the forearm
171
Which nerve would a stab wound to the axilla most likely effect?
Musculocutaneous
172
What are the roots of the radial nerve?
C5-T1
173
Where does the radial nerve exit the axilla?
Posterior to the brachial artery
174
What muscles of the arm does the radial nerve supply?
The triceps Brachii - first the long and medial heads and when travelling along the radial groove the lateral head
175
As the radial nerve moves inferiorly what does it do?
It accompanies the brachial artery and it innervates the lateral head of triceps
176
In order to enter The forearm what does the radial nerve do?
It moves anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle
| Moves through the cubical fossa
177
Once the radial nerve has entered the forearm what does it do?
Splits into s deep and superficial branch
178
What is the role of the deep branch of the radial nerve?
It is a motor branch
179
What is the role of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?
It is a sensory branch
180
What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?
The medial border of the brachioradialis
181
Where does the latissimus Dorsi attach?
It arises from the spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs.
182
What are the actions of the latissimus Dorsi?
It extends, addicts and medially rotates the arm
183
Where is the levator scapulae muscle found?
The neck
184
Where does the levator scapulae muscle attatch to?
The medial border of the scapula
185
Where does the rhomboid major originate / attatch to?
Spinous process T2-t5
| Attaches to medial border of scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle
186
Where does the rhomboid minor originate/attatch to?
Originates spinous processes C7-T1
| Attatches to medial border of scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.
187
Where is the deltoid muscle found?
On the shoulder/above the shoulder joint
188
Where does the deltoid muscle attatch to?
The deltoid tuberosity of the lateral surface of the humerus
189
What nerve is the deltoid muscles innervated by?
The Axillary nerve
190
Damage to what leads to winging of the scapula?
The long thoracic nerve
191
Where s the most common site for venepuncture? Why - what vein or artery?
The cubital fossa - the median cubital vein is situated anteriorly at the elbow.
192
What does the median cubital vein connect?
The basillic and cephalic veins
193
What are the spinal roots of the ulnar nerve?
C8-T1
194
What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?
Innervates the muscles of the hand (apart from the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals), flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus
195
What are the sensory functions of the ulnar nerve>
Innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and the associated palm area.
196
Describe the anatomical course of the ulnar nerve in the arm
After arising from the brachial plexus, the ulnar nerve descends down the medial side of the upper arm. At the elbow, it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle, entering the forearm
197
Where is the coracohumeral ligament found?
From the base of the coracoid process to the anterior part of the greater tubercle
198
Which muscle in the arm can be said to have dual innervation? What is this?
Brachialis - radial and musculocutaneous nerve
