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Laura MSK UL > MSK S3 complete > Flashcards

MSK S3 complete Flashcards

0
Q

Which arm of the biceps Brachii is found where?

A

Long - outside or lateral

Short - inside

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1
Q

Which nerve supplies the 3 muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm? What are these muscles?

A 
Musculocutaneous 
BBC
Biceps 
brachialis
Corocobrachialis
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2
Q

Where does the long head of the biceps originate?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle

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3
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps originate?

A

Corocoid process

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4
Q

Where do the biceps attach distally? Via what?

A

The radial tuberosity

By the bicipital aponeurosis

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5
Q

What is the role of the biceps?

A

Supination of the forearm and flexes arm and elbow and shoulder

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6
Q

What is the role of the corocobrachialis?

A

It is a flexor and adductor of the arm

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7
Q

Where is the brachialis found?

A

More distally that the other muscles of the upper arm

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8
Q

Where does the brachialis originate?

A

Medial and lateral surfaces of the numeral shaft

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9
Q

Where does the brachialis insert?

A

Into the tuberosity of the ulna

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10
Q

What is the role of the brachialis?

A

It is the main flexor at the elbow

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11
Q

What are the 3 heads of the triceps called?

A

Long, lateral and medial heads

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12
Q

Where does the long head of the triceps originate?

A

Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

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13
Q

Where does the lateral head of the triceps originate?

A

Humerus, superior to the radial groove

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14
Q

Where does the medial head of the triceps originate?

A

Humerus, inferior to the radial groove

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15
Q

What are the triceps innervates by?

A

The radial nerve

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16
Q

What is the role of the triceps?

A

Extension of the arm at the elbow

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17
Q

Where are the greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus found?

A

Greater on the outside/ more laterally

Lesser on the inside/ more medially

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18
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

The part of the scapula which joins onto the humerus

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19
Q

Where is the Supraglenoid tubercle found? What does it attach to?

A

Above the glenoid fossa

Long head of biceps Brachii

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20
Q

So which two muscles of the arm attach to the corocoid process?

A

Coracobrachialis

Short heat of biceps

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21
Q

What are the two examples of superficial veins in the arm?

A

Cephalic and basilic veins

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22
Q

Where do both the cephalic and basilic veins arise from?

A

The dorsal venous network of the hand

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23
Q

What are the triceps innervates by?

A

The radial nerve

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24
Q

What are superficial veins?

A

Veins found in the subcutaneous tissue

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25
Q

What are deep veins?

A

Veins found underneath the deep fascia

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26
Q

Where do the cephalic and basilic veins join? What are they joined by?

A

At the elbow

Joined by median cubical vein

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27
Q

How are deep veins arranged? Why are they arranged like this?

A

Either side of an artery

Because the pulsations of the artery aid venous return

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28
Q

What is is called when two arteries surround a vein?

A

Venae commit antes

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29
Q

How does the cephallic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?

A

In terminates in the axilla by joining the Axillary vein

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30
Q

How does the basilic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?

A

At the border of the teres major the vein moves deep into the arm and combines with the brachial veins to form the Axillary vein

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31
Q

The artery that runs down the arm changes name, to what and when?

A

SAB
Subclavian changes to Axillary at the lateral margin of the first rib which changes to brachial at the lower border of teres major

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32
Q

At what point does the Axillary artery divide into the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries?

A

At the humoral surgical neck

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33
Q

What do the circumflex numeral arteries supply?

A

The shoulder region

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34
Q

Where does the profounda Brachii arise from?

A

The brachial artery, immediately distal to the teres major

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35
Q

What is the role of the profounda Brachii ? Where does it run?

A

It runs along the radial groove of the humerus

It supplies a number of vessels at the shoulder joint

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36
Q

Where is the radial groove found?

A

On the posterior side of the humerus. It is where the radial nerve runs.

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37
Q

Where is the brachial artery found?

A

Immediately posterior the the median nerve

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38
Q

What happens as the brachial artery passes the cubical fossa?

A

It terminates and splits into the radial and ulnar nerves

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39
Q

From which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise?

A

Lateral

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40
Q

What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5 and C6

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41
Q

Which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?

A

Coracobrachialis

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42
Q

Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

The skin of the lateral aspect of the forearm

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43
Q

Which nerve would a stab wound to the axilla most likely effect?

A

Musculocutaneous

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44
Q

What are the roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

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45
Q

Where does the radial nerve exit the axilla?

A

Posterior to the brachial artery

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46
Q

What muscles of the arm does the radial nerve supply?

A

The triceps Brachii - first the long and medial heads and when travelling along the radial groove the lateral head

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47
Q

As the radial nerve moves inferiorly what does it do?

A

It accompanies the brachial artery and it innervates the lateral head of triceps

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48
Q

In order to enter The forearm what does the radial nerve do?

A

It moves anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle

Moves through the cubical fossa

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49
Q

Once the radial nerve has entered the forearm what does it do?

A

Splits into s deep and superficial branch

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50
Q

What is the role of the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

It is a motor branch

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51
Q

What is the role of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?

A

It is a sensory branch

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52
Q

What makes up the lateral border of the cubical fossa?

A

The medial border of the brachioradialis

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53
Q

What makes up the medial border of the cubical fossa?

A

The lateral border of the pronator teres

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54
Q

What makes up the superior border of the cubical fossa?

A

An imaginary line between the epicondyles

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55
Q

What are the 4 things found in the cubital fossa? What pneumonic helps you to remember this?

A

Really need beer to be at my nicest

Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve

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56
Q

What makes up to roof of the cubital fossa?

A

Skin and muscle and the median cubical vein runs through it

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57
Q

What makes up the floor of the cubital fossa?

A

Proximal is the brachialis

Distal in the supinator muscle

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58
Q

Where do the extrinsic muscles of the shoulder originate from?

A

originate from the torso, and attach to the bones of the shoulder (clavicle, scapula or humerus).

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59
Q

Where do the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder originate from?

A

originate from the scapula and/or clavicle, and attach to the humerus.

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60
Q

What are the examples of the superficial back muscles?

A

The trapezius and latissimus Dorsi

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61
Q

Describe the trapezius muscle

A

It is a broad, flat and triangular muscle which originates from the skull and C7-T12 of the spinal cord

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62
Q

What is the trapezius innervates by?

A

Accessory nerve

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63
Q

What is the role of the trapezius?

A

It elevates and rotates the scapula

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64
Q

From what area does the latissimus Dorsi arise?

A

The lower part of the back

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65
Q

Where does the latissimus Dorsi attach?

A

It arises from the spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs.

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66
Q

What is latissimus Dorsi innervated by?

A

Thorcodorsal nerve

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67
Q

What are the anions of the latissimus Dorsi?

A

It extends, addicts and medially rotates the arm

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68
Q

When the fibres of the latissimus Dorsi converge to where do they attatch?

A

The intertubecular groove of the humerus

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69
Q

Where does the levator scapulae muscle originate from?

A

The neck, specifically the transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae

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70
Q

Where does the levator scapulae muscle attatch to?

A

The medial border of the scapula

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71
Q

What is the role of the levator muscle?

A

It elevates the scapula

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72
Q

What is the levator scapulae muscle innervated by?

A

The dorsal scapular nerve

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73
Q

Which rhomboid muscle is found on top?

A

The minor is found on top of the major

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74
Q

What is the role of the rhomboid major?

A

It retracts and rotates the scapula

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75
Q

What is the role of the rhomboid minor?

A

It retracts and rotates the scapula

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76
Q

What nerve are the rhomboids and the levator scapulae all innervated by?

A

The dorsal scapula nerve

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77
Q

Where does the rhomboid major originate / attatch to?

A

Spinous process T2-t5

Attaches to medial border of scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle

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78
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor originate/attatch to?

A

Originates spinous processes C7-T1

Attatches to medial border of scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.

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79
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle originate from?

A

The clavicle/scapula

80
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle attatch to?

A

The deltoid tuberosity of the lateral surface of the humerus

81
Q

What nerve is the deltoid muscles innervated by?

A

The Axillary nerve

82
Q

What is the role of the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior fibres- flex the arm at the shoulder
Posterior fibres - extend the arm at the shoulder
Middle fibres - major abductor of the arm. Takes over from the supraspinatus after 15 degrees

83
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles? Where do they originate/attach? What do they do?

A

Originate from the scapula and attach to the numeral head. They pull the numeral head into the glenoid fossa, giving the glenoidhumeral joint stability.

84
Q

Where does the supraspinatus muscle originate from/attatch to?

A

O: supraspinatus fossa of the scapula
A: greater tuberosity of the humerus

85
Q

Where does the infraspinatus muscle originate from/attatch to?

A

O: infraspinatus fossa of the scapula
A: greater tubercle of the humerus

86
Q

Where does the subscapularis muscle originate from/attatch to?

A

O: subscapula fossa (costal surface)
A: lesser tubercle of humerus

87
Q

Where does the teres minor muscle originate from/attatch to?

A

O: Posterior surface of the scapula, adjacent to its lateral border
A: greater tubercle of the humerus

88
Q

What is the main role of latissimus Dorsi?

A

It is an important adductor of the arm

89
Q

What is the supraspinatus muscle innervated by?

A

Suprascapular nerve

90
Q

What is the infraspinatus muscle innervated by?

A

Suprascapular nerve

91
Q

What is the subscapularis muscle innervated by?

A

Upper and lower subscapularis nerves

92
Q

What is the teres minor muscle innervated by?

A

Axillary nerve

93
Q

What actions does the supraspinatus muscle enable?

A

Abduction of the arm 0-15 degrees and assists deltoid 15-90deg

94
Q

What actions does the infraspinatus muscle enable?

A

Lateral rotation of the arm

95
Q

What actions does the subscapularis muscle enable?

A

Medial rotation of the arm

96
Q

What actions does the teres minor muscle enable?

A

Lateral rotation of the arm

97
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint an example of?

A

A synovial joint - ball and socket

98
Q

Why is the shoulder joint considered to be instable?

A

Because the head of the humerus is much larger that the glenoid fossa so there is a disproportion of articular surfaces

99
Q

Which surfaces in the shoulder are considered to be articulating? What does this mean?

A

The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula. They are covered in hyaline cartilage

100
Q

What 5 things help to stabilise the shoulder joint?

A 
Muscles of the rotator cuff
Other muscles
Ligaments
Capsule
Glenoid labrum
101
Q

What is the capsule in the shoulder joint?

A

It is the fibrous sheath which encloses the structure of the joint. It extends from the anatomical neck of the humerus to the border of the glenoid fossa.

102
Q

What is the role of ligaments in the shoulder joint?

A

The act to reinforce the joint capsule and form the Coraco- caroming arch.

103
Q

What 2 types of ligaments are there?

A

Intra and extra capsular ligaments

104
Q

What are intra capsular ligaments also known as?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments

105
Q

What are the 3 types of extra capsular ligaments?

A

Coracoacromial ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse numeral ligament

106
Q

What are the 3 types of intra capsular ligaments?

A

Superior, middle and inferior

107
Q

What are the ‘other muscles’ that stabilise the shoulder joint?

A

Deltoid
Long head of biceps
Long head of triceps

108
Q

What is the role of the coracoacromial ligament?

A

It forms the coracoacromial arch. It lies over the shoulder joint and prevents superior displacement of the humeral head

109
Q

What is the role of the coracohumeral ligament?

A

It supports the superior part of the joint capsule.

110
Q

What is the role of the transverse humoral ligament?

A

Holds the tendon of the long head of biceps in place during shoulder movement.

111
Q

Where is the coracoacromial ligament found?

A

Runs between the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula. It forms the coracoacromial arch.

112
Q

What is the coracoacromial arch formed by?

A

Coracoacromial ligament
Accom ion
Coracoid process

113
Q

Where is the transverse numeral ligament found?

A

. It spans the distance between the two tubercles of the humerus

114
Q

What is the role of the coracoacromial arch?

A

It is a strong osseoligamentous structure which overlies the numeral head preventing up displacement of the humerus

115
Q

How do the biceps Brachii attach to the radius?

A

Via the radial tuberosity

116
Q

How do the biceps Brachii attach to the ulna?

A

Via the bicipital aponeurosis

117
Q

What is the muscle that causes flexion at the elbow and is an exception? Why is it an exception?

A

Brachioradialis

Because it is innervated by the radial nerve, not the musculocutaneous

118
Q

Damage to what leads to winging of the scapula?

A

The long thoracic nerve

119
Q

Where s the most common site for venepuncture? Why - what vein or artery?

A

The cubital fossa - the median cubital vein is situated anteriorly at the elbow.

120
Q

What does the median cubital vein connect?

A

The basillic and cephalic veins

121
Q

If the joint capsule is damaged and heals poorly what effect can this have?

A

It increased the risk of future dislocations

122
Q

During a anterior dislocation where is the humerus forced and what effect does this have?

A

Anteriorly ad inferiorly into the weakest part of the capsule, below the coracoid process. Can lead to tearing of the joint capsule

123
Q

If the joint capsule is damaged and heals poorly what effect can this have?

A

It increased the risk of future dislocations

124
Q

What is the painful arc syndrome most commonly due to?

A

Repetitive Overuse

125
Q

What is the cause of painful arc syndrome?

A

Inflammation of the muscle tendons - e.g supraspinatus tendon and also the SA bursa

126
Q

What is the most common symptom of painful arc syndrome?

A

Pain in the middle of abduction (50-130 degrees) when the affected area comes into contact with the acromion

127
Q

What is painful arc syndrome as example of?

A

A rotator cuff injury

128
Q

What is the most common cause of damage to the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Stab would to axilla region

129
Q

What are the consequences of damage to the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

BBC muscles paralysed
Flexion at the shoulder weakened (but can still occur due to peec major)
Flexion at the elbow is weakened (but can still occur due to brachioradialis muscle
Supination of the affected limb greatly weakened - but still produced by supinator muscle

130
Q

What is the most common cause of damage to the axillary nerve?

A

Trauma to the shoulder or proximal humerus such as a fracture of the humerus surgical neck

131
Q

What are the characteristic clinical signs of a damaged axillary nerve?

A

In long standing cases, the paralysed deltoid muscles rapidly atrophies and the greater tuberosity can be palpated in that area

132
Q

What side effects does a damaged axillary nerve have on motor and sensory functions?

A

Loss of sensation in regimental badge area

Paralysis of deltoid and teres minor muscles

133
Q

What are the characteristic clinical signs of a damaged axillary nerve?

A

In long standing cases, the paralysed deltoid muscles rapidly atrophies and the greater tuberosity can be palpated in that area

134
Q

What are the spinal roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1

135
Q

What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

Innervates the muscles of the hand (apart from the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals), flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

136
Q

What are the sensory functions of the ulnar nerve>

A

Innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and the associated palm area.

137
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the ulnar nerve in the arm

A

After arising from the brachial plexus, the ulnar nerve descends down the medial side of the upper arm. At the elbow, it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle, entering the forearm

138
Q

What is the olecrannon?

A

It is the thick part of the end of the ulnar which projects behind the elbow

139
Q

Where is the coracohumeral ligament found?

A

From the base of the coracoid process to the anterior part of the greater tubercle

140
Q

Where is the brachialis found?

A

More distally that the other muscles of the upper arm - around the elbow region

141
Q

Where is the corocobrachialis found?

A

On the medial side of the arm, near the armpit

142
Q

Where does the long head of the triceps originate?

A

Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

143
Q

Where do the heads of the triceps originate?

A

Top of humerus or scapula

144
Q

Where does the medial head of the triceps originate?

A

Humerus, inferior to the radial groove

145
Q

What are the triceps innervates by?

A

The radial nerve

146
Q

What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6 and C7

147
Q

What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

The medial border of the brachioradialis

148
Q

What makes up the medial border of the cubital fossa?

A

The lateral border of the pronator teres

149
Q

What makes up the superior border of the cubital fossa?

A

An imaginary line between the epicondyles

150
Q

What are the 4 things found in the cubital fossa? What mneumonic helps you to remember this?

A

Really need beer to be at my nicest

Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve

151
Q

What are the two examples of superficial veins in the arm?

A

Cephalic and basilic veins

152
Q

Where do both the cephalic and basilic veins arise from?

A

The dorsal venous network of the hand

153
Q

What are superficial veins?

A

Veins found in the subcutaneous tissue

154
Q

What are deep veins?

A

Veins found underneath the deep fascia

155
Q

Where do the cephalic and basilic veins join? What are they joined by?

A

At the elbow

Joined by median cubical vein

156
Q

How are deep veins arranged? Why are they arranged like this?

A

Either side of an artery

Because the pulsations of the artery aid venous return

157
Q

What is is called when two arteries surround a vein?

A

Venae commit antes

158
Q

How does the cephallic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?

A

In terminates in the axilla by joining the Axillary vein

159
Q

How does the basilic vein of the arm join up with the Axillary vessels?

A

At the border of the teres major the vein moves deep into the arm and combines with the brachial veins to form the Axillary vein

160
Q

The artery that runs down the arm changes name, to what and when?

A

SAB
Subclavian changes to Axillary at the lateral margin of the first rib which changes to brachial at the lower border of teres major

161
Q

At what point does the Axillary artery divide into the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries?

A

At the humoral surgical neck

162
Q

What do the circumflex numeral arteries supply?

A

The shoulder region

163
Q

Where does the profounda Brachii arise from?

A

The brachial artery, immediately distal to the teres major

164
Q

What is the role of the profounda Brachii ? Where does it run?

A

It runs along the radial groove of the humerus

It supplies a number of vessels at the shoulder joint

165
Q

Where is the brachial artery found?

A

Immediately posterior the the median nerve

166
Q

What happens as the brachial artery passes the cubical fossa?

A

It terminates and splits into the radial and ulnar nerves

167
Q

From which cord of the brachial plexus does the musculocutaneous nerve arise?

A

Lateral

168
Q

What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5, C6 and C7

169
Q

Which muscle does the musculocutaneous nerve pierce?

A

Coracobrachialis

170
Q

Which area does the musculocutaneous nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A

The skin of the lateral aspect of the forearm

171
Q

Which nerve would a stab wound to the axilla most likely effect?

A

Musculocutaneous

172
Q

What are the roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5-T1

173
Q

Where does the radial nerve exit the axilla?

A

Posterior to the brachial artery

174
Q

What muscles of the arm does the radial nerve supply?

A

The triceps Brachii - first the long and medial heads and when travelling along the radial groove the lateral head

175
Q

As the radial nerve moves inferiorly what does it do?

A

It accompanies the brachial artery and it innervates the lateral head of triceps

176
Q

In order to enter The forearm what does the radial nerve do?

A

It moves anteriorly over the lateral epicondyle

Moves through the cubical fossa

177
Q

Once the radial nerve has entered the forearm what does it do?

A

Splits into s deep and superficial branch

178
Q

What is the role of the deep branch of the radial nerve?

A

It is a motor branch

179
Q

What is the role of the superficial branch of the radial nerve?

A

It is a sensory branch

180
Q

What makes up the lateral border of the cubital fossa?

A

The medial border of the brachioradialis

181
Q

Where does the latissimus Dorsi attach?

A

It arises from the spinous processes of T6-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs.

182
Q

What are the actions of the latissimus Dorsi?

A

It extends, addicts and medially rotates the arm

183
Q

Where is the levator scapulae muscle found?

A

The neck

184
Q

Where does the levator scapulae muscle attatch to?

A

The medial border of the scapula

185
Q

Where does the rhomboid major originate / attatch to?

A

Spinous process T2-t5

Attaches to medial border of scapula, between the scapula spine and inferior angle

186
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor originate/attatch to?

A

Originates spinous processes C7-T1

Attatches to medial border of scapula at the level of the spine of the scapula.

187
Q

Where is the deltoid muscle found?

A

On the shoulder/above the shoulder joint

188
Q

Where does the deltoid muscle attatch to?

A

The deltoid tuberosity of the lateral surface of the humerus

189
Q

What nerve is the deltoid muscles innervated by?

A

The Axillary nerve

190
Q

Damage to what leads to winging of the scapula?

A

The long thoracic nerve

191
Q

Where s the most common site for venepuncture? Why - what vein or artery?

A

The cubital fossa - the median cubital vein is situated anteriorly at the elbow.

192
Q

What does the median cubital vein connect?

A

The basillic and cephalic veins

193
Q

What are the spinal roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C8-T1

194
Q

What are the motor functions of the ulnar nerve?

A

Innervates the muscles of the hand (apart from the thenar muscles and two lateral lumbricals), flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

195
Q

What are the sensory functions of the ulnar nerve>

A

Innervates the anterior and posterior surfaces of the medial one and half fingers, and the associated palm area.

196
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the ulnar nerve in the arm

A

After arising from the brachial plexus, the ulnar nerve descends down the medial side of the upper arm. At the elbow, it passes posterior to the medial epicondyle, entering the forearm

197
Q

Where is the coracohumeral ligament found?

A

From the base of the coracoid process to the anterior part of the greater tubercle

198
Q

Which muscle in the arm can be said to have dual innervation? What is this?

A

Brachialis - radial and musculocutaneous nerve

Laura MSK UL (19 decks)

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