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Laura MSK UL > MSK Muscle composition > Flashcards

MSK Muscle composition Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a convergent skeletal muscle

A

Pectoralis major

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2
Q

Give an examples of a mulitpennate skeletal muscle

A

Deltoid muscle

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3
Q

What are the 4 muscle groups?

A

Agonists, Antagonists, Synergists and Fixators

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4
Q

What is the roles of agonists?

A

They are prime movers (main muscles responsible for a particular movement

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5
Q

What is the role of antagonists?

A

They oppose prime movers (agonists)

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6
Q

What is the role of synergists?

A

They assist prime movers (agonists)

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7
Q

What is the role of fixators?

A

Stabilises action of prime mover e.g fixes non mover when the prime mover is acting over 2 joints.

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8
Q

Give the analogies for each of the different types of levers within the body

A

1st class; A see saw
2nd class: wheel barrow
3rd class: Fishing rod

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9
Q

What is the most efficient type of lever?

A

1st class

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10
Q

What is the name given to the support around where a lever picots?

A

A fulcrum

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11
Q

What are a very large proportion of levers? Example?

A

3rd class. E.g the arm

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12
Q

What are the 2 different types of muscle contraction?

A

Isotonic and isometric

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13
Q

What is isotonic contraction? Subtypes?

A

Constant tension and variable muscle length.
Concentric - Muscle shortens
Eccentric - Muscle exerts force whilst being extended e.g walking down a hill.

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14
Q

What is isometric contraction/ Example?

A

Muscle stays the same length but exerts a force e.g hand grip (forearm muscle)

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15
Q

What are the two types of fibres in skeletal muscle? When are they used?

A

Fast/slow twitch muscle.
Fast = sprinting or jumping
Slow = postural muscle

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16
Q

What is the awareness of self within fibres called? What are these specialised units?

A

proprioception. Called muscle spindles

17
Q

What is eectromyography? How is it carried out?

A

It is a medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Electrodes are placed on the skin

18
Q

What is electromyography? How is it carried out?

A

It is a medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Electrodes are placed on the skin

19
Q

Give on example of why electromyography may be a good diagnostic tool

A

For neurological diseases

20
Q

How does the relaxation of muscles take place?

A

Calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum OR calcium ions bind to calmodulin

21
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The force of contaction of a muscle

22
Q

What is baseline tone and what is it due to?

A

It is present in muscles at rest. It is due to motor neurone activity and muscle elasticity

23
Q

What is additional tone due to?

A

Via moon control centres in the brain and feedback from muscle signals

24
Q

What is the difference between spatial and temporal summation?

A

Spatial - lots of pre synaptic neurones and one post synaptic neurone.
Temporal - one pre synaptic neurone but send signals may times in succession

25
Q

What is serum creatine kinase a marker for?

A

Muscle damage (creatine kinase is a source of ATP)

26
Q

Why does contraction occur?

A

Because ATP sources are depleted so myosin bridges are unable to detach from actin filaments

27
Q

What is delayed muscle soreness an example of? Give examples of when this might occur

A

Example of eccentric isotonic contraction

Hill walking or ski-ing

28
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Low level of muscle tone

29
Q

What may cause hypotonia?

A

Damage to brain or spinal cord

Damage to cerebellum (involved in feedback control)

30
Q

Why are muscle relaxants used in surgery?

A

Because they make the surgeon’s job easier and less tissue damage is done is the muscle is relaxed.

31
Q

What is tetanus? What is it caused by?

A

It is caused by bacterium-clostridium tetani in the soil.

It cases muscles to remain contracted because feedback control is interfered with.

32
Q

What is the pain caused by in muscle cramp?

A

An increase in acidity (lactate) which acts on nerve endings

33
Q

What may be the causes of muscle fatigue?

A

Depletion of muscle glycogen stores

Interrupted blood flow

34
Q

How do muscle relaxants work?

A

They interfere with acetylcholinesterase

Laura MSK UL (19 decks)

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