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MSK > MSK Quiz 1 > Flashcards

MSK Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

hypocalcemia

A

decreased serum Ca+ levels leads to decreased activation E of Na+ channels leading to hyperexcited neurons=tetany

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2
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased serum calcium nervous system becomes depressed QT interval of heart/ slow reflexes/ lack of appetite and constipation

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3
Q

Parathyroid hormoin

A

PTH receptors reside on osteoblasts and trigger bone resorption through rank l activating osteoclasts increasing serum Ca/ PTH regulates calcium retention and phosphate excretion in the kidney./increase 1,25(OH)2D3 synthesis subsequently leading to an increase in calcium absorption from the GI tract

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4
Q

1,25(OH)2D3 calcitriol (1-25 dihydroxy vitamin D)

A

necessary for absortion of Ca+ in GI tract/ promotes both calcium and phosphorous retention in kidney/ necessary for mineralization of the bone

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5
Q

calcitonin

A

released in response to elevated serum Ca+/tumor marker/treatment for bone disorders that involve excessive bone resorption/ inhibits osteoclasts

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6
Q

FGF 23

A

phosphate regulation at the levels of the kidney/absence of FGF23 results in hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia due to increased levels of calcitriol.

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7
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells lay down collegen and non collagen prior to bone mineralization/

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8
Q

markers for bone formation

A

bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin / Procollagen peptides PINP PICP

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9
Q

Osteoclasts

A

mediate bone resorption through the secretion of proteases and hydrogen ions to lower the pH.

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10
Q

4-hydroxyproline

A

makes up collagen helix in bone

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11
Q

marker of collagen formation

A

non helical portions adn the amino PINP and carboxy PICP terminals

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12
Q

what gives collagen its strength

A

tropocollagen

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13
Q

periosteal apposition

A

bones grow in width

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14
Q

PTH mechanism on osteoblasts

A

binds receptor stimulate M-CSF which stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells to osteoclasts/ secretes RANKL which activates osteoclasts (also done by IL6) osteclasts are inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG

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15
Q

Disease states that result in weakened bone.

A

Disease states that are related to hyperactive and chaotic bone deposition

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16
Q

osteoprotegrin

A

inhibits osteoclasts and stops bone resorption

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17
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

suppress bone formation/ suppress intestinal calcium absorption and can induce osteoclastogenesis/ deplete osteoblasts through suppression of differentiation factors and induction of apoptosis

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18
Q

Gonadal hormones

A

Estrogens are needed for closure of the epiphyseal plates and a lack of estrogen during development results in increased adult height and decreased bone density./Estrogens have been shown to decrease bone resorption

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19
Q

cytokines that increase bone resorption

A

increased levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, TNF-β, and IL-6 result in increased bone resorption.

20
Q

markers for bone resorption

A

urinary hydroxyproline/ collagen cross links CTX, NTX

21
Q

pagets disease

A

1) osteolytic phase characterized by excessive osteoclast activation; 2) mixed phase consisting of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity; and 3) osteosclerotic phase characterized by predominant osteoblastic activity and marked sclerosis. 1. Treatment involves the use of bisphosphonates. very high alkaline phosphytase levels/ wavey osteons jigsaw appearance

22
Q

osteoporosis

A

characterized by increased bone fragility conferring a risk of fractures

23
Q

rickets (osteomalacia)

A

characterized by disorders in mineral mineralization of the organic matrix through interrupted supply or transport of minerals in renal, intestinal, or bone cell disorders.

24
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease, is the weakening of bone due to mutations in collagen leading to bone fractures and deformity.

25
Q

Osteopetrosis

A
  1. Osteopetrosis arises due to genetic mutations and can be characterized by absent osteoclast activity.

defective osteoclastic bone resorption and disorganized bone structure.

26
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

Bisphosphonates are selectively taken up by the bone and inhibit osteoclast activation, thereby inhibiting bone resorption.

27
Q

Prolia:

A

monoclonal antibody directed against RANKL. By blocking interaction between RANKL and RANK it acts to inhibit bone resorption.

28
Q

Intermitten PTH treatment

A

low dose activates osteblast

29
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

this cartilage type has a glassy-appearing matrix containing type II collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins.

30
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

similar structure to hyaline cartilage (it contains chondrocytes, type II collagen, and a gel-like ground substance elastin in the extracellular matrix, which gives this cartilage resilience and pliability. This cartilage type comprises the external ear, the eustacian tube, and the epiglottis of the larynx.

31
Q

cartilage grows in width through

A

through appositional (from undifferentiated cells of the perichondrium)

32
Q

cartilage grows in length through

A

interstitial (from chondrocytes dividing within the extracellular matrix

33
Q

campomylic dyspalsia

A

mutation in sox 9 causes bowing and angulation of long bones hypoplasia of the scapula

34
Q

primary ossification center

A

diaphysis

35
Q

secondary ossification center

A

epiphysis

36
Q

intramembranous occification

A

messenchmal to osteocyte

37
Q

endochondrial ossifiaction

A

messenchymal to cartalidge to bone

38
Q

biphopsphates are given for

A

osteoporosis (inhibit bone resoprtion)

39
Q

four main actions of PTH

A
  • increase Ca resorption in kidney
  • decrease phosphate resorption in kidney
  • covert 25 hdroxy vit d to active form
  • increase bone resorption by activating osteoclasts through osteoblasts
40
Q

which cells are responsible for osteoid secretion and mineralization?

A

osteoblasts

41
Q

osteoarthritis

A

decreased proteoglycan and collegen type 2/pro inflammatory cytokines degenerate cartiglidge/ joint trauma

42
Q

appositional growth

A

source of new chondrocytes: cells along inner layer of perichondrium chondroblasts secrete extracellular matrix adn become trapped turning into chondrocytes

43
Q

interstitial growth

A

source of new chondrocytes: mature chondrocytes in ecm proliferate form isogenous groups of cells

44
Q

epiphysis

A

caps of long bones

45
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

46
Q

woven bone

A

crzy looking laid down fist in both endochondrial and intermembranous bone formation

47
Q

which side has activly dividing cells in endochondrial bone formation

A

epiphysis side—- get big—- calcify and undergo apoptosis near the metaphysis side— then osteoblasts lay down bone

MSK (10 decks)

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