EMBRYO exam 1

Question 1

Neural crest cells form

Answer 1

sensory ganglia

Question 2

Alar plate develops into?

Answer 2

dorsal horn- receives sensory input

Question 3

Basal plate devlops into

Answer 3

ventral horn- motor neurons exits to muscles

Question 4

dorsal ramus innervates

Answer 4

back muscles and skin of the back

Question 5

ventral ramus innervates

Answer 5

limbs and everything else

Question 6

spina bifida occulta

Answer 6

failure of the vertebral (neural) arch to form; covered dorsally by skin sometimes tuft of hair

Question 7

spina bifida - meningocele

Answer 7

failure of the vertebral (neural) arch to form; covered dorsally by skin and meninges protrude outward forming a cyst

Question 8

spina bifida- meningomyelocele

Answer 8

failure of the vertebral (neural) arch to form; covered dorsally by skin , meninges and neural tissue/spinal chord protrude outward dorsally forming a cyst

Question 9

Spina bifid- myeloschisis

Answer 9

neural plate doesn’t fold or complete fusion dorsally/ exposed spinal cord

Question 10

sclerotome development of spinal column

Answer 10

c1 somite form cranial half of c2 vertebrae… it splits to allow innervation in between vertebrae and muscle attachment to two different vertebrae

Question 11

klippel-feil syndrome

Answer 11

process of resegmentation by sclerotome is incomplete resulting in fused vertebrae

Question 12

rib sclerotome of cervical form what

Answer 12

anterior tubercle

Question 13

rib sclerotome of lumbar region

Answer 13

transverse process

Question 14

rib sclerotome of the sacrum region

Answer 14

ala (lateral part)

Question 15

sternum derived from

Answer 15

lateral plate mesenchym (mesoderm not sclerotome)

Question 16

pectus carinatum

Answer 16

pectus protrudes

Question 17

pectus excavatum

Answer 17

pectus depression

Question 18

intramembranous bone fromation

Answer 18

mesenchym—–>bone such as flat bones of skull ( part of clavicle

Question 19

Endochondral bone formation

Answer 19

mesenchyme —–>cartilage——–>bone/ most bones all long bones/vertabrae

Question 20

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm makes….

Answer 20

Connective tissues (bone, tendons, 
     ligaments, dermis, blood, blood vessels).

Question 21

surface ectoderm makes…

Answer 21

epidermis

Question 22

myotome of somites

Answer 22

skeletal muscle of trunk and limbs

Question 23

limb mesenchyme form lateral plate

Answer 23

limb bones

Question 24

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

Answer 24

enduces surrounding mesenchyme to proliferate and grow a limb bud in the proximal to distal direction releases fgf

Question 25

hox genes

Answer 25

control limb position on trunk

Question 26

hox 9

Answer 26

scapula

Question 27

hox 10

Answer 27

humerus/ stylopod

Question 28

hox 11

Answer 28

ulna/radius/zuegopod

Question 29

hox 12

Answer 29

metacarpals// autopod

Question 30

hox 13

Answer 30

digits/autopod

Question 31

amelia

Answer 31

early loss of fribroblast growth factor FGF signaling leads to no limb development

Question 32

meromelia (phocomelia)

Answer 32

late loss of fribroblast growth factor FGF signaling

Question 33

brachydactyly

Answer 33

short digits

Question 34

syndactyly

Answer 34

fused digits

Question 35

polydactyly

Answer 35

extra digits

Question 36

cleft foot

Answer 36

loss of digits and fusion of others (lobster claws) ectrodactyly-split hand/foot/ bifrication of autopod

Question 37

primaxial domain

Answer 37

back shoulder and intercostal muscles

Question 38

abaxial domain

Answer 38

infrahyroid body wall and limb muscle

Question 39

skelatal muscle formation

Answer 39

mesenchyme —-> myoblasts—–.>myotubules—->secondary myotubules—–>muscle fiber with innervation

Question 40

motor innervation pattern

Answer 40

proxal to distal

Question 41

amniotic bands

Answer 41

umbilical cord cuts off limbs