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Muscoskeletal > MSK Physiology > Flashcards

MSK Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

State the level of organisation in skeletal muscle.

A

Whole muscle
Muscle Fibre
Myofibril
Sarcomere

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2
Q

Which two proteins do myofibrils and sarcomeres contain?

A

Myocin

Actin

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3
Q

How do myocin molecules appear?

A

Thick filaments (darker)

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4
Q

How do actin molecules appear?

A

Thin filaments (lighter)

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5
Q

Do fine motor body parts have more or less muscle fibres?

A

Less (generate less power)

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6
Q

How are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton?

A

By tendons

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7
Q

What is the name of the system that bones, muscles and joints form?

A

Lever system

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8
Q

Where is the sarcomere found?

A

Between 2 Z-lines in the myofibril

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9
Q

Name the 4 zones of the sarcomere?

A

A-band

H-zone

M-line

I-band

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10
Q

Where is the M-line found?

A

Running down the middle of the A-band

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11
Q

How is muscle tension produced?

A

By actin filaments sliding across myosin filaments.

Sliding filament theory

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12
Q

Is ATP required for:

a) Muscle contraction
b) Muscle relaxation
c) Both

A

c) Both

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13
Q

When is calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal fibres?

A

When the surface action potential spreads down the transverse tubule.

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14
Q

What happens when the muscle fibre is relaxed?

A

No cross-bridge binding

The cross-bridge binding site on actin is physically covered by the troponin-tropomyosin complex.

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15
Q

What happens when the muscle fibre is excited?

A

Calcium binds with troponin, pulling the troponin-tropomyosin complex aside to expose the cross-bridge binding site.

Cross-bridge binding occurs.

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16
Q

What is the name of the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

17
Q

Why is calcium needed for muscle contraction?

A

Needed to switch on cross-bridge formation

18
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

When more motor units are stimulated to allow a stronger contraction to be achieved

19
Q

What does the tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre depend on?

A
  • Frequency of stimulation
  • Summation of contractions
  • Length of muscle fibre at the onset of contraction
  • Thickness of muscle fibre
20
Q

Can tetanus occur in cardiac muscle?

A

NO

21
Q

What is isotonic contraction used for?

A

Body movements

Moving objects

22
Q

What is isometric contraction used for?

A

Supporting objects in fixed positions

Maintaining body posture

23
Q

What happens in isometric contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction develops at constant muscle length.

24
Q

What happens in isotonic contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction remains constant as the muscle length changes

25
Q

What is an immediate source of ATP to muscle?

A

Transfer of high energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP.

26
Q

What is the main source of ATP when oxygen is present?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

What is the main source of ATP when oxygen is not present?

A

Glycolysis

28
Q

Name the three types of skeletal muscle fibres.

A

Slow-oxidative (type I)

Fast-oxidative (type IIa)

Fast Glycolytic (Type IIx)

29
Q

Which neutron is involved in a reflex action?

A

Alpha neuron

30
Q

What acts as sensory receptors for the stretch reflex?

A

Muscle spindles (intrafusal fibres)

31
Q

Which efferent neurons supply the muscle spindles?

A

Gamma motor neurons

32
Q

What is myotonia?

A

Abnormalities in muscle membrane ion channels

33
Q

Which investigations are used in neuromuscular disease?

A

EMG

Nerve conduction studies

Muscle enzymes

Inflammatory markers

Muscle biopsy

34
Q

What are the mechanisms of joint disease?

A

Changes in one of the three major components of cartilage (water, collagen, proteoglycans)

If the rate of extracellular matrix degradiation exceeds the rate of its synthesis.

Muscoskeletal (8 decks)

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