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Muscoskeletal > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which colour do gram-positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple/blue

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2
Q

Which colour do gram-negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink

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3
Q

Is staphylococcus gram-positive or negative?

A

Gram-positive

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4
Q

Which staphylococcus bacteria is coagulase positive?

A

Staph. aureus

golden border in petri dish

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5
Q

Which antibiotic is used against staph. aureus?

A

Flucloxacillin

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6
Q

Which toxins can be produced by staph. aureus?

A

Enterotoxin

SSSST

PVL

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7
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of the bone and medullary cavity, usually located in one of the long bones?

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8
Q

Which bacteria commonly cause osteomyelitis in newborns and children?

A

Staph. aureus

Group B strep

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9
Q

Which bacteria commonly causes osteomyelitis in adults?

A

Staph. aureus

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10
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for osteomyelitis?

A

Bone biopsy

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11
Q

Which classification system is used in osteomyelitis?

A

Gustilo Classification

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12
Q

Which investigations are used for diabetic foot ulcers?

A

Plain radiograph

MRI

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13
Q

What is the treatment for diabetic foot?

A

Debridement

Antimicrobials

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14
Q

Which antibiotic is used in diabetic foot ulcer?

A

Flucloxacillin (IV)

MRSA cases = Doxycycline in mild and Vancomycin in moderate-severe cases

Severe cases - Flucloxacillin + Metronidazole

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15
Q

Why is oral doxycycline used instead of oral flucloxacillin when switching from IV to oral medication is osteomyelitis?

A

Flucloxacillin has poor bone penetration

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16
Q

Who is at risk of haematogeneous osteomyelitis?

A

Prepubertal children

PWID

Patients with central lines/dialysis

Elderly

Special conditions (e.g. sickle cell disease)

17
Q

Which bone does Gaucher’s disease typically affect?

A

Tibia

18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vertebral osteomyelitis?

A

Insidious pain and tenderness

Fever

Raised inflammatory markers

19
Q

How is vertebral osteomyelitis treated?

A

Drain large paravertebral/epidural abscesses

Antimicrobials for 6 weeks minimum

20
Q

What is Pott’s disease?

A

Vertebral tuberculosis

21
Q

Is vertebral TB infectious?

A

No

22
Q

What are some risk factors for infection in prosthetic joints?

A

Presence of comorbidities (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, diabetics mellitus, malignancy)

Use of corticosteroids, TNF inhibitors

Prior arthroplasty or prior infection at the surgical site

Prolonged duration of surgery

Postoperative complications (e.g. haemato,a)

23
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

A microbe-derived sessile community

Characterised by cells that are attached to a substratum, interface or each other.

The cells are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance and exhibit an altered phenotype.

24
Q

Which bacteria are msot commonly involved in prosethetic joint infections?

A

Staph. aureus

Staph. epidermidis

Cuttibacterium acnes (upper limb)

E. coli

pseudomonas aeruginosa

25
Q

How are prosthetic joint infectios diagnosed?

A

Culture - perioperative tissue

Blood culture

CRP

Radiology

26
Q

How is prosthetic joint infection treated?

A

Debridement

Antibiotics

Irrigation

Retention of the prosthesis

27
Q

How is septic arthritis treated?

A

Flucloxacillin (high doses)

Less than 5 years old - add Ceftriaxone (for H. influenzae cover)

28
Q

Which bacteria causes septic arthritis?

A

Staph. aureus

29
Q

Which bacteria commonly causes pyomyositis?

A

Staphylococcal bacteria

30
Q

What are some risk factors for pyomyositis?

A

IDU

Diabetes Mellitus

Contaminated wounds

31
Q

What is pyomyositis?

A

A primary skeletal muscle abscess.

Associated with fever, muscle swelling and pain.

More common in tropical and sub-tropical regions.

32
Q

What is myonecrosis?

A

Acute invasion of healthy tissue that can occur spontaneously or as a result of traumatic injury.

33
Q

What is the treatment for myonecrosis?

A

Treatment surgery

AND

Antibiotics ( clindamycin + penicillin for clostridium)

34
Q

Which bacteria causes tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

35
Q

Which type of bacteria are clostridium tetani?

A

Gram-positive anaerobic rods

Spores found in soil, gardens etc.

36
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of tetanus?

A

Lock jaw

Trismus

Risus sardonicus

Muscle spasm

37
Q

What causes spastic paralysis in tetanus infection?

A

Neurotoxin release

38
Q

Which investigations are used to diagnose tetanus?

A

Serum and urine toxin assays

39
Q

How is tetanus treated?

A

Surgical debridement

Antitoxin

Supportive measures

Antibiotics for 7-10 days ( Penicillin, Metronidazole)

Booster vaccination

Muscoskeletal (8 decks)

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