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Muscoskeletal > Arthritis > Flashcards

Arthritis Flashcards

1
Q

What is polyarthritis?

A

Arthritis in more than 5 joints.

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2
Q

What is oligoarthiritis?

A

Arthritis in between 2-4 joints

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3
Q

Give examples of monoarthritis.

A

Gout, pseudogout, septic arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis.

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4
Q

What is a side effect of using aspirin alongside methotrexate?

A

Bone marrow toxicity risk

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5
Q

Which type of joint is typically affected in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovial joints

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6
Q

What are the causes of primary osteoarthritis?

A

Age related

Insidious

No overt cause

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7
Q

What are the causes os secondary osteoarthritis?

A

Predisposing condition

Excess/inappropriae weight-bearing

Deformity

Injury

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8
Q

Which parts of the body does osteoarthritis typically affect?

A

Hips, knees, lower lumbar, cervical vertebrae, PIP and DIP joints of fingers

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9
Q

What is the pathogenesis behind osteoarthritis?

A

Chondrocyte injury

Chondrocyte proliferation - release of inflammatory mediators, proteases, collagen and proteoglycans

Repetitive injury and chronic inflammation - loss of chondrocytes

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10
Q

What is the name of the process that happens when cartilage is lost during osteoarthritis?

A

Eburnation

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Malaise, fever

Generalised MSK pain

Symmetrical joint involvement: swollen, warm, painful, limited movement in morning and after inactivity

Small joints before large joints - usually spares hips and lumbrosacral joints

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12
Q

Which genetic factors are linked with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

HLA DRB1 alleles

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13
Q

Which immune cells are involved in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

CD4+ T helper cells

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14
Q

Name the antibody involved in the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis.

A

Rheumatoid factor

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15
Q

What are some extra-articular features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid nodules

Small vessel vasculitis

Necrotising granuloma

Splinter haemorrhages

Peri-ungal infarcts

Ulcers

Gangrene

Pyoderma gangrenosum

Pleural and pericardial effusions

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16
Q

Which gene are seronegative spondyloarthritides associated with?

A

HLA B27

17
Q

Which joints do seronegtive spondyloarthritides affect?

A

Sacro-iliac joints

18
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

A destructive arthritis affecting mainly the the sacro-iliac and intervertebral joints.

19
Q

What are the causes of reactive arthritis?

A

Cervicitis
Conjunctivitis

Auto-immune reaction to infection - chalmydia, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter

20
Q

What are the causes of enteritis associated arthritis?

A

Organisms with high lipopolysacharides in cell wall triggering an immune reaction

21
Q

What are some causes of infectious arthrtitis?

A

Staph aureus in adults

Haemophilus influenzae in children

Gonococcal infection in young adults

Sickle cell predisposes to salmonella arthritis

Lyme disease

22
Q

Which joints does infectious arthritis affect typically?

A

A single joint - knee most common

23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of gout?

A

Hyperuricaemia

FROM

Reduced exretion of urate (from chronic renal disease commonly)

Drug side effect - thiazide diuretics reduce urate excretion

24
Q

What does deposition of urate crystals in soft tissues lead to?

A

Gouty tophus - mass within tissues that is formed by sheets of urate crystals with surrounding granulamatous inflammatory reaction.

25
Q

What do urate crystals look like under cytology?

A

Needle-shaped crystals

26
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind pseudogout?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate deposition

Hypercalcaemia

Haemochromatosis

Hypomagnesia

Ochronsis

Hypothryoidism

27
Q

What do psuedogout crystals look like under polarised light?

A

Rhomboid shaped crystals

Thicker and bigger than needle shaped urate crystals

28
Q

Where do psuedogout crystals form?

A

Cartilage, menisci and discs

Muscoskeletal (8 decks)

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