MSK Midterm Flashcards
Where can you find embryonic connective tissue?
umbilical cord, pulp of teeth
embryonic CT is rich in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells, extracellular matrix, and sometimes collagen or reticular fiber. what is CT in the umbilical cord called?
wharton’s jelly
embryonic CT is rich in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into what kinds of tissue?
any CT (adipose, cartilage, endothelium, osteocyte)
where do we find loose (areolar) CT?
mucosa and submucosa, deep to epithelium (surround vessels in tunica adventitia and nerves)
what are the extracellular components of areolar CT?
collagen and elastic fibers, ground substance
what are the cellular components of areolar CT?
mast cells, fibroblasts, macrophages
where in the body do we find dense regular CT?
tendon, ligament, cornea, fascia
fascia is made of what type of CT?
dense regular
where do we find dense irregular CT?
dermis and GI submucosa
what is the most common extracellular component of dense irregular CT?
collagen
what are the 2 kinds of dense irregular CT?
reticular and elastic
what type of cell is responsible for producing collagen, elastin, and reticular fiber as well as proteoglycans and glycoproteins for CT?
fibroblast
where do we find reticular CT? (dense irregular)
lymphatic tissue
where do we find elastic CT) (dense irregular with discontinuous lamellae around the lumen)
walls of large vessels and ligaments
what type of cell makes elastic fiber? (its made of elastin + fibrillin)
smooth muscle, fibroblast, chondroblast
this type of tissue is used as energy reserve and is unilocular
white fat (adipocytes)
this type of tissue is used to dissipate energy and is multilocular
brown fat (adipocytes)
which type of fat is rich in mitochondria and has numerous lipid deposits
brown fat
adipocytes are a modified form of what cell type that has used vacuole for lipid storage pushing all other cellular contents to the periphery?
modified fibroblast
this CT cell is spindle shaped with an oval nucleus
fibroblast
this is a 3 chain fibrous protein wound into a triple helix that is coiled for tensile strength
collagen
Where do you find Type I collagen? What are characteristics of the fibrils?
bone, tendon, dentin
banded fiber for tensile strength
Where do you find Type II collagen? What are characteristics of the fibrils?
hyaline and elastic cartilage
thinner fibrils
Where do you find Type III collagen? What are characteristics of the fibrils?
reticular lamina of the basement membrane
reticular fibrils
Where do you find Type IV collagen? What are characteristics of the fibrils?
basal lamina
No bundles
Where do you find Type v collagen? What are characteristics of the fibrils?
fetal amnion/ chorion, muscle and tendon sheaths
no banded fibrils
what is the only kind of collagen that is NON-fibrillar
Type IV (found in basal lamina)
macrophages are abundant in what organelle?
lysosomes-help breakdown phagocytized material
what do you call a macrophage in the liver? bone? CNS?
liver- Kupffer cell
bone- osteoclast
CNS- microglial cell
this cell type is abundant in cytoplasmic granules containing histamine, heparin, and other chemoattractants and can form leukotrienes to be released from the cell
mast cell
these cells have a well developed rER, golgi, and nucleolus and their nucleus distributes heterochromatin to look like a “cartwheel”
plasma cell (they serve to produce a single class of Ig)
what makes up the ECM?
proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, hyaluronan
water
laminin, fibronectin, integrin
the paraxial mesoderm differentiates into head and somites. the somites further differentiate into what?
sclerotome (cartilage)
myotome (skeletal muscle)
dermatome (dermis)
sensory information is carried in which horn of the spinal cord
posterior horn
motor information is carried in which horn of the spinal cord
anterior horn
visceromotor information is carried in which horn of the spinal cord
lateral horn
the spinal nerve proper is made of what component parts that arise from the spinal cord
anterior root and posterior root
which part of the spinal nerve innervates epaxial (intrinsic) mm. in the back?
dorsal ramus (posterior ramus)
which part of the spinal nerve innervates hypaxial (extrinsic) mm. in the trunk and limbs?
ventral ramus (anterior ramus)
From the posterior ramus of the spinal n. What two components arise and what do they innervate?
Cutaneous n- dermatome
Motor n- myotome
Which nerve innervates the skin on the top of the head
CN 1
Which nerve innervates the skin on the anterior neck
C3
The skin overlaying the deltoid muscle is innervated by what nn.?
C4-5
Which nerve supplies a dermatome that extends across the anterior chest inferior to the clavicle and down the anterior medial aspect of the arm all the way to the wrist
T2
Which nerve supplies the dermatome that includes the middle finger
C7
Which nerve supplies the dermatome Overlaying the nipple
T4-5
Which nerve supplies the dermatome that covers the thumb and extends superiorly all the way to the triceps
C6
Which nerve supplies the dermatome overlaying the navel
T10
Which nerve supplies the dermatome overlaying the 5th phalange
C8
Which nerve supplies the dermatome of the medial foot?
L5
Which nerve supplies the dermatome of the lateral foot ?
S1
Which nerve supplies the dermatome of the heal (calcaneus region)
S1
Meralgia paresthetica is a nerve compression syndrome involving the dermatome overlaying the anterolateral thigh. Which nerve supplies this dermatome?
L2-L3 (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) it gets pinched beneath the inguinal ligament
Which nerves are involved. In the brachial plexus
C5- T1
Which spinal nerves supply the cervical plexus
C1- C5
Which spinal nerves supply the lumbar plexus
L1- L4
Which spinal nerves supply the sacral plexus
L4- S4
What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus
Musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial, axillary
What. Are the terminal branches of the lumbosacral plexus
Femoral, obturator, sciatic (tibial and common fibular), lateral femoral cutaneous, posterior femoral cutaneous
What are the 3. Types of fibrous joints
Gomphosis, suture, syndesmosis
Which structural classification of joints are made of bones Held together by dense regular CT?
Fibrous
Which structural classification of joints has no joint cavity and are made of bones joined by cartilage?
Cartilagenous
Which structural classification of joints are made of bones covered with articular cartilage capsule with a joint cavity
Synovial (synovial fluid in the joint cavity)
Which functional classification of joints are immovable
Synarthrosis
Which functional classification of joints are slightly movable
Amphiarthrosis
Which functional classification of joints are freely movable
Diarthrosis
Fibrous joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis
What are the 3 sub-types of fibrous joints?
Gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses
Carbilagenous joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Synarthroses or amphiarthroses
What are the two subtypes of cartilagenous joints
Synchondroses, symphyses
Synovial joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Diarthroses
What is the word for: fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane
Bursae
What protective material fills the peripheral spaces as packing material in a joint cavity formed by bones moving?
Fat pads
What are the 6 types of synovial joints in order from least to most freely movable?
Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Which muscular organizational pattern would a sphincter have? (Contraction= closure)
Circular
Which muscular organizational pattern involves widespread fascicles that come together at 1 common attachment (triangular in shape)
Convergent
Which muscle organization pattern has fascicles that run along the axis of a long bone
Parallel
Which muscle organization pattern have one or more tendons extending through their body and fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon
Pennate
Describe first class lever
Fulcrum in middle (tilt head back)
Which structural classification of joints are made of bones Held together by dense regular CT?
Fibrous
Which structural classification of joints has no joint cavity and are made of bones joined by cartilage?
Cartilagenous
Which structural classification of joints are made of bones covered with articular cartilage capsule with a joint cavity
Synovial (synovial fluid in the joint cavity)
Which functional classification of joints are immovable
Synarthrosis
Which functional classification of joints are slightly movable
Amphiarthrosis
Which functional classification of joints are freely movable
Diarthrosis
Fibrous joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis
What are the 3 sub-types of fibrous joints?
Gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses
Carbilagenous joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Synarthroses or amphiarthroses
What are the two subtypes of cartilagenous joints
Synchondroses, symphyses
Synovial joints can have which functional classification(s)?
Diarthroses
What is the word for: fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by synovial membrane
Bursae
What protective material fills the peripheral spaces as packing material in a joint cavity formed by bones moving?
Fat pads
What are the 6 types of synovial joints in order from least to most freely movable?
Planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Which muscular organizational pattern would a sphincter have? (Contraction= closure)
Circular
Which muscular organizational pattern involves widespread fascicles that come together at 1 common attachment (triangular in shape)
Convergent
Which muscle organization pattern has fascicles that run along the axis of a long bone
Parallel
Which muscle organization pattern have one or more tendons extending through their body and fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon
Pennate
Describe first class lever
Fulcrum in middle (tilt head back)
Describe a. Second class lever. System
Resistance in middle (standing on tiptoes)
Describe a third class lever system
Force in middle (biceps)
What is the most common lever system in the body?
THIRD CLASS **
what radiological technique uses photons from a tungsten target passing through the body to be exposed on a recorded plate? (bone appears white and soft tissues are dark)
X ray
which contrast agents are typically used with x rays / fluoroscopy / CT / MRI scans and in what circumstances?
barium sulfate- GI study
iodine compounds- arteriogram (2-3 frames per second for peripheral vasculature, 15-30 for coronary aa.)
which radiological technique uses x rays from below the patient to view movement of structure in real time?
fluoroscopy
in what case can fluoroscopy be used to go e 3D information
with a C arm the apparatus can rotate
which radiological technique uses images generated via x ray passing through the body in a helical fashion as the patient moves through a gantry that contains the x ray tube
CT scan
how are images created in a CT scan?
math algorithms used to reconstruct transverse plane images of the body and these are put together to view 3D renderings
what is the scale that measures density numbers in a CT scan? (water is zero, air is -1000, bone is +3095)
hounsfield scale
the number on the hound field scale is set to middle gray referred to as “window level” and range of grey scale is mapped. All CT numbers below the window display as __ whereas those above the window appear ___
black, white
the number on the hound field scale is set to middle gray referred to as “window level” and range of grey scale is mapped. a wide window range is great for imaging what body tissue?
bone
the number on the hound field scale is set to middle gray referred to as “window level” and range of grey scale is mapped. a narrow window range is great for imaging what body tissue?
soft tissue
which radiological technique uses no ionizing radiation but rather image is creating using radio frequent energy emitted by H’s when strong magnetic fields around the body are manipulated
MRI
nuclear spin is altered in the magnetic field manipulation and as a tissue returns to normal (relaxation time) energy is emitted and can be measured by current in which radiological technique
MRI
tissues with greater relaxation times (measured in MRI) depending on what two factors
water content, molecular composition
radioactive molecules attach to other compounds that can be administer orally or intravenously in which radiologic technique measures physiological rather than anatomical activity?
nuclear medicine
in nuclear medicine, pathology can be detected by identifying areas of what?
increased physiological activity- hot spot
decreased activity- cold spot
which radiological technique is based on pulse echo using sound waves
ultrasound
neck vessels, thyroid glands, breast, and testes are great candidates for ultrasound visualization because they are what
near the skin surface
what are advantages to ultrasound
cheap, portable, no radiation, good for capturing motion
what type of ultrasound is best to use for visualizing and measuring blood flow
doppler
peripheral angiography is invasive and uses what fluoroscopic form of radiologic technique
digital subtraction angiography (real time x rays taken and then digitally we subtract bones and tissue to see contrast in vessels)
when performing angiography, what advantage do volume rendering algorithms (like those in CT scans) provide that can only be achieved by rotating the view in MIP (such as in MR) studies?
depth perpective