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#MedSchool > HDM Midterm > Flashcards

HDM Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of immunity has no memory and responds the same way to every pathogen every time it infects? What are the main effector cells in this type of immunity?

A

Innate (natural)

Phagocytic cells, NK cells, Complement

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2
Q

Which type of immunity has memory and responds the faster upon subsequent infections? What are the main effector cells in this type of immunity?

A

Acquired (adaptive)

B cells, T cells

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3
Q

Which type of immunity is considered the first line of defense?

A

Innate

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4
Q

Rapid, causes inflammation, low specificity, no memory: these are all descriptive of which line of immunity?

A

Innate

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5
Q

Develops slowly, high specificity, memory: these are all descriptive of which line of immunity?

A

Adaptive

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6
Q

What are the components of inflammation?

A

Hot, red, swollen, pain, loss of function

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7
Q

Describe what happens when bacteria invades skin surface causing inflammation.

A

Surface wound, bacteria enters, resident cells secrete cytokines, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, inflammatory cells leave blood entering tissue, tissue becomes inflamed

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8
Q

Skin, mucous membrane, temperature, acidic pH, and lactic acid are all examples of which component of the innate immune system?

A

Physical barriers

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9
Q

Which effector cell provides defense against helminths?

A

Eosinophil

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10
Q

What do immune cells look For to distinguish between Self and non self?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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11
Q

What are examples of some bacterial PAMPs?

A

LPS, techoic acid, peptidoglycan, mannose proteins

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12
Q

Which toll-like receptor activates inflammation in the presence of Gram positive bacteria

A

TLR2- recognizes peptidoglycan

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13
Q

Which toll-like receptor activates inflammation in the presence of gram negative bacteria

A

TLR4- recognizes LPS

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14
Q

TLR1:TLR2 is a heterodimer cell receptor found on monocytes, mast cells, DCs, eosinophils and basophils that recognizes what kind of PAMP?

A

Lipopeptides on bacteria, GPI on parasites

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15
Q

TLR2:TLR6 is a heterodimer found on monocytes, DCs, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils that recognizes what PAMPs?

A

Lipotechoic acid (gram + bact) and yeast

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16
Q

Which TLRs are found intracellular in the endosomes?

A

3, 7, 8, 9

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17
Q

TLR3 on NK cells detects what kind of PAMP?

A

Double stranded viral RNA

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18
Q

TLR4 on macrophage, DC, mast cells, and eosinophils that detects what PAMPs?

A

LPS on gram - bacteria

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19
Q

TLR5 on intestinal epithelium recognize what PAMPs?

A

Flagellin (bacterial)

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20
Q

TLR7 on DCs, NK cells, eosinophils, B cells recognizes what PAMPs?

A

Single stranded viral RNA

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21
Q

TLR8 found on NK cells recognizes what kind of PAMPs?

A

Single stranded viral RNA

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22
Q

TLR9 on DCs, B cells, eosinophils, and basophils recognize what kind of PAMPs?

A

Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA

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23
Q

Which TLRs recognize Bacterial lipopeptides?

A

2, 6

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24
Q

Which TLRs recognize bacterial flagellin

A

5

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25
Q

Which TLRs recognize LPS

A

4

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26
Q

Which TLRs recognize peptidoglycan

A

2

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27
Q

Which TLRs recognize lipopeptides

A

1, 2

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28
Q

Which TLRs recognize dsRNA

A

3

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29
Q

Which TLRs recognize ssRNA

A

7, 8

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30
Q

Which TLRs recognize CpG DNA

A

9

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31
Q

Term for small proteins. Secreted. By. Cells to mediate inflammation, immunity and hematopoiesis

A

Cytokines

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32
Q

Small fragmetns of the complement serve what purpose

A

Opsonins, chemotactic factors, anaphylatoxins

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33
Q

Which complement cascade begins with Ag-Ab complexes?

A

Classic

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34
Q

Which complement cascade pathway begins with microbial carbs binding mannose binding protein?

A

Lectin

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35
Q

what is the difference between thick and thin skin? Where do you find thick skin?

A

keratin in the outer layer (thick skin only), no sweat glands or hair in thick skin, only thick skin has stratum lucidum
palms and soles of feet

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36
Q

these cells are more numerous in thick skin (stratum basal), they have free nerve endings, they come from neural crest cells and act as mechanoreceptors

A

merkel cells

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37
Q

how can you tell the difference between melanocyte and merkel cell? (both found in stratum basal)

A

merkel- larger cell with more well defined nucleus

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38
Q

loose connective tissue makes up the dermis. what are dermal projections called?

A

dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

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39
Q

the ___ has a rich blood supply whereas the ___ does not (layers of integument)

A

dermis, epidermis

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40
Q

what are dermatoglyphics?

A

fingerprints

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41
Q

what are the 2 layers of dermis

A

papillary and reticular layer

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42
Q

the dermis is rich in what

A

elastic fibers

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43
Q

which layer of the integumentary system contains capillary loops

A

dermis

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44
Q

these are found in the papillary layer of the dermis and their function is to act as encapsulated touch receptor

A

meissners corpuscles

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45
Q

where in the body do we find meissners corpuscles?

A

lips, finger tips, plantar feet, genitals

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46
Q

what type of tissue and fiber are found in the reticular dermal layer of skin?

A

dense irregular CT, collagen (type I) and some elastic

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47
Q

what provides thermoregulation in the dermis?

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

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48
Q

how can you distinguish between meissner and pacinian corpuscle?

A

meissners- in papillary layer

pacinian- in reticular layer and bigger

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49
Q

what component of the dermis is responsible for sensing stretch

A

ruff ini end organ

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50
Q

this nerve ending is wrapped around base of a hair follicle

A

peritrichial

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51
Q

although this structure buds from hypodermal layers, it is of epidermal origin

A

hair

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52
Q

this integumentary layer contains adipose tissue and subcutaneous fascia

A

hypodermis

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53
Q

what are the 3 components of hair shaft

A

cuticle, cortex, medulla

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54
Q

what muscles are responsible for giving us goose bumps?

A

arrector pili muscles (associated with the hair shaft)

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55
Q

what two layers surrounding a hair follicle are only present in the dermis and not in the portion of hair that sticks up out of the skin?

A

internal and external root sheath

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56
Q

what are the two types of glands associated with skin?

A

sweat and sebaceous

57
Q

what type of exocrine secretion involves secretory product that remains entirely in the lumen of the gland before secretion?

A

merocrine

58
Q

what type of exocrine secretion involves portions of secretory glands pinching off to release secretory products?

A

apocrine

59
Q

what type of exocrine secretion involves entire cells including secretory product budding as new cells form

A

holocrine

60
Q

sweat glands are all what shape? they are what type of secreting gland?

A

coiled, some are merocrine(eccrine) and some are apocrine

61
Q

sebacious glands are what shape? What secretory mechanism do they use to release product?

A

branched alveolar, holocrine secretion

62
Q

hair always includes what type of gland

A

sebacious

63
Q

whats the most abundant type of sweat gland? what are the components of this watery secretory product?

A

eccrine (merocrine)

made of water, salt, ammonia, uric acid, mucinogen granules

64
Q

where on the body do you find apocrine sweat glands?

A

axilla, pubic, anal, areola, external genitalia

65
Q

what causes the odor associated with apocrine sweat gland secretion?

A

bacterial breakdown

66
Q

what type of glands produce ceramic in the outer ear?

A

apocrine sweat glands

67
Q

what type of gland is associated with eye lids and eye lashes

A

ciliary glands of Moll (apocrine sweat glands)

68
Q

what is responsible for expelling secretions from glands?

A

myoepithelial cells

69
Q

the secretory portion of a gland is surrounded by what type of tissue

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

70
Q

the duct portion of a gland is surrounded by what type of tissue

A

stratefied cuboidal epithelium

71
Q

describe finger and toe nails histologically

A

keratinized plates of cells on a bed of epidermis

72
Q

nails are analogous to but much harder than what layer of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum

73
Q

what is the term describing small white area near the proximal nail plate (beneath the nail matrix)

A

lunula

74
Q

scientific term for cuticle

A

eponychium

75
Q

fold of stratum corneum at the proximal end of the nail plate is called what? at the distal edge?

A

proximal- eponychium (cuticle)

distal- hyponychium

76
Q

which type of sweat gland is most responsible for thermoregulation?

A

eccrine

77
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells express what class of MHC molecules?

A

both I and II

78
Q

B cells express what class of MHC molecules?

A

both I and I

79
Q

erythrocytes express what class of MHC molecules?

A

none

80
Q

which cells express class I MHC molecules?

A

all nucleated cells

81
Q

what are the 2 primary lymphoid organs that produce cellular components of the immune system

A

bone marrow, thymus

82
Q

what are secondary lymph organs?

A

where immune responses occur (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils)

83
Q

The thymus is a lymphoid organ possessed two lobes separated by a septa and a CT capsule. the medulla stains lighter and contains __ corpuscles

A

hassals

84
Q

does the thymus contain lymphoid nodules? Germinal centers?

A

no and no

85
Q

T cells mature in the thymus as they travel in what direction?

A

from cortex to medulla

86
Q

other than T cells what immune cells are present in the thymus?

A

macrophages in both cortex and medulla

DC’s in medulla

87
Q

these cells are found in thymic medulla. they are tightly packed epithelial cell that signal for thymic DC’s to complete T cell maturation

A

hassals corpuscles

88
Q

epithelial reticular cells are bound to capillaries in the thymic cortex to protect developing T cells from what

A

circulating antigens (no direct blood supply to the medulla)

89
Q

what is the job of a macrophage in the spleen

A

RBC breakdown

90
Q

this organ traps antigens, serves as a platelet reservoir and completes hematopoiesis

A

spleen (no cortex or medulla)

91
Q

is the spleen capsulated? if so what makes up the capsule?

A

yup, collagen, elastic fiber, smooth muscle

92
Q

what divides the spleen into compartments?

A

trabeculae

93
Q

reticular fibers make up the parenchyma of the spleen and support what two subunits

A

red and white pulp

94
Q

this portion of spleen is rich in lymphoid tissue

A

white pulp

95
Q

this portion of spleen is rich in RBCs

A

red pulp

96
Q

list the components of white pulp of the spleen

A

germinal center, corona, central artery, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

97
Q

what is present in the corona of white pulp in the spleen

A

b cells and APCs

98
Q

where are t cells found within white pulp of the spleen

A

periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

99
Q

what are the components of red pulp in the spleen

A

splenic cord (reticular cells), splenic sinusoid, pennicillar arteries, macrophage sheathed cappilary, circulating blood cells

100
Q

describe blood flow to / through the spleen

A

celiac trunk –> splenic artery–> trabecular aa.–> through trabeculae–> parenchyma of spleen–> central aa.–> penetrate white pulp (surrounded by periarteriolar lymph sheaths)–> radial aa.–> marginal zone sinuses

central–> red pulp via penicillar arteries–> splenic sinusoids (closed) OR into red pulp (open)

101
Q

penicillar aa. are surrounded by what

A

macrophages that remove damaged RBCs

102
Q

what is the smallest lymphoid organ

A

lymph nodes

103
Q

are lymph nodes encapsulated? do they contain trabecular?

A

yes and yes, they have cortex and medulla

104
Q

term describing the spot where arteries and veins and efferent lymph vessels enter the lymph node

A

hilum

105
Q

where in the lymph do T cells predominate? B cells?

A

inner cortex, outer cortex

106
Q

lymphatic nodules are present within this T cell rich region of a lymph node

A

inner cortex

107
Q

spaces within lymph node lined with endothelial cells surrounded by reticular cells and macrophages

A

medullary sinuses

108
Q

medullary sinuses in lymph nodes are a mesh of reticular cells and fibers that filter lymph and direct its flow. How are antigens removed from lymph in these spaces?

A

macrophages and follicular DCs

109
Q

which lymphoid organ does not contain lymphoid nodules

A

thymus

110
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain cords and sinuses

A

nodes and spleen

111
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain cortex and medulla

A

thymus, nodes

112
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain hassles corpuscles

A

thymus

113
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain central arteries

A

spleen

114
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain epithelial covering

A

tonsils

115
Q

which lymphoid organ(s) contain cortical nodules with sub capsular sinuses

A

nodes

116
Q

Who do APC’s present antigens to?

A

T cells

117
Q

Who presents Ag’s to naive T cells?

A

DC’s

118
Q

HLA genes are highly pleomorphic and have what type of expression?

A

Codominant

119
Q

MHC I molecules. Have a small grove. For binding protein fragments. What are the 3 human MHC I genes? What protein do each of these bind on the cell surface?

A

HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C
Beta-2 Microglobulin

120
Q

What is the major barrier to transplants?

A

MHC I (because it is expressed on alllll of our cells)

121
Q

Which segment of a MHC I molecule is recognized by the CD8 T cell during Ag presentation?

A

CDR (complementary determining region) of the TCR

122
Q

MHC I. Molecules sample all of what within a. Cell?

A

Proteins being made (self or nonself that is the question)

123
Q

What stabilizes the interaction between CD4 and MHCII?

A

CD4 recognizes conserved regions of MHCII

124
Q

What sits in the groove of MHC II to keep peptides from binding here in the ER?

A

Invariant chain

125
Q

What protein is required to remove CLIP from MHC II so that Ag peptide can bind here?

A

HLA-DM

126
Q

What is the source of protein Ag for MHC I ? How about for MHC II ?

A

I- Cytosol

II- Endosomal/ lysosomal

127
Q

What is responsible for peptide fragment generation for display by MHC I? II?

A

I- proteosome

II- phagolysosomal proteases

128
Q

Where does MHC get loaded for class I? Class II?

A

I- ER

II- vesicular compartment

129
Q

What proteins are required to get peptide fragments into the ER for presentation by MHC I?

A

TAP

130
Q

Professional APCs can process what type of antigen for presentation via MHC I during cross presentation?

A

Exogenous

131
Q

Antigens that can be cross presented always enter the cell via what mechanism?

A

endocytosis (MHC II pathway because they are exogenous proteins)

132
Q

Cross presentation can be used by all professional APCs but it is mostly used by which type of cell?

A

DC’s

133
Q

Why must we. Use cross presentation?

A

Virally infected cells die and their debris must be picked up from the EXOGENOUS environment and then that cell must be killed via CD8 T cell killing so that the virus does not continue to spread

134
Q

A surface Ig (IgM. Or IgD) together with what two peptides makes up the BCR

A

Ig alpha & Ig beta

135
Q

TCR includes what two chains that are disulphide linked Extracellularly? What chains are present intracellularly?

A

Alpha and beta chains, intracellular= 2 zeta chains

136
Q

The TCR complex includes an alpha subunit, a beta subunit, two zeta chains and what other molecule?

A

2 CD3 molecules

137
Q

This subset of T cells is few in number (mostly found in epithelium) but is able to recognize PAMPS without an APC.

A

Gamma/ delta (no memory)

138
Q

Rather. Than. In plasma, where are most plasma cells. Found?

A

Lymphoid organs

139
Q

What costimulatory molecules are necessary in order to activate a T cell?

A

CD 80/86 (B7) which binds CD 28 on t cells

#MedSchool (17 decks)

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