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#MedSchool > HDM Final > Flashcards

HDM Final Flashcards

1
Q

Ag recognition by TCRs. Leads. To the receptors doing what?

A

Clustering (this leads to an activating cascade)

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2
Q

Signalling is mediated by what membrane bound proteins in the TCR?

A

CD3 and zeta chains (because they have the long cytoplasmic tails with the ITAMS or ITIMS)

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3
Q

what cell marker is used to count total T cells ?

A

CD3

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4
Q

When the TCR is engaged to activate the T cell what co-stimulatory signal must be present

A

CD80-CD28

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5
Q

You require 100 fold fewer TCRs to cluster for activation when what is present?

A

Co-sitmulation (CD80-C28)

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6
Q

What state do T cells enter if they recognize antigen presentation without costimulation?

A

Anergy (functional inactivation)

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7
Q

What cytokine produced by newly activated T cells functions to stimulate T cell proliferation (autocrine signalling)

A

IL-2

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8
Q

What cytokine is also called T. Cell growth factor

A

IL-2

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9
Q

What surface receptor is present on activated T cells but not naiive T cells

A

IL-2 Receptor

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10
Q

When T cells are restimulated for a second time by an APC they begin to secrete cytokines which commit the T cell to what ?

A

Th1 or Th2

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11
Q

What cytokines turn T cells into Th1

A

IFN gamma, TNF

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12
Q

What cytokines cause T cells to become Th2

A

IL4, 5, 10

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13
Q

What is T cell homing

A

Process of activated t cells going to tissue where the activating DC came from to fight the pathogen

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14
Q

Which cytokine is necessary for class switching to IgE

A

IL4

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15
Q

What cytokine is necessary to activate eosinophils

A

IL5

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16
Q

Th1. Cells produce which. Cytokines?

A

IFN gamma, IL2, TNF beta

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17
Q

Th2 Cells produce which. Cytokines?

A

IL4, 5, 10

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18
Q

This subset of Th cells activates macrophages, induces B cell production of opsonizing antibody

A

Th1

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19
Q

This subset of Th cells activates b cells to make neutralizing antibody (plus various effects on macrophages)

A

Th2

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20
Q

What controls the functional commitment of Th cells?

A

Tissue macrophages. And their products

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21
Q

Th1. Cells come to be when macrophages produce what cytokine????

A

IL12

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22
Q

Th2 Cells come to be when macrophages produce what cytokine????

A

IL4

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23
Q

What is the second costimulatory signal that is required for Th cells to activate macrophages and b cells?

A

CD40-CD40L

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24
Q

The binding of CD40-CD40L increases expression of what on the APC???

A

B7. And MHC

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25
Q

What are the main cells activated by Th1 cells?

A

INF-gamma activates macrophages and B cells (for Opsonization and phagocytosis)

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26
Q

What are the main cells activated by Th2 cells?

A 
IL4 causes B cell to class switch to IgE which activates Mast cells
IL5 activates eosinophils
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27
Q

Although not necessary for activation of CD8 T cells, the binding of what will enhance APC’s ability. To stimulate the. CTL???

A

Th1 cells bind to APC using CD40-CD40L

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28
Q

CTL granules are exocytosed when they find a target cell. What is in these granules?

A

Perforin and granzyme

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29
Q

What process is induced by the enzyme “granzyme” in target cells?

A

Apoptosis

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30
Q

What is the function of granzyme and. Perforin in CTL killing of target cells?

A

They enter the target cell by endocytosis

perforin- pokes holes in the vesicle membrane

Granzyme- enter cytoplasm through those holes and activate apoptotic pathway

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31
Q

What are the two mechanisms of killing activated by CTLs?

A

Granzyme and perforin granules OR Fas-FasL binding

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32
Q

CTLs are unique because they express what surface ligand that can bind to target cell to initiate apoptosis

A

FasL

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33
Q

Do gamma-delta T cells express CD3? CD4? CD8?

A

3-yes

4 and 8- nope

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34
Q

Where do we find gamma-delta t cells?

A

Intestine, uterus, tongue

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35
Q

Without Th cells B cells can only. Produce Abs of what isotope?

A

IgM

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36
Q

Gamma delta t cells kill cells that become stressed by microbial infection without which restriction required by traditional alpha beta t cells

A

not MHC restricted (don’t need APCs to recognize Ag)

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37
Q

Gamma delta t cells can stimulate b cells to produce what isotype of antibody

A

IgE

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38
Q

By what mechanism can gamma delta t cells eliminate infected or stressed cells

A

Granzymes

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39
Q

What CD marker is analogous to Fas Receptor

A

CD95

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40
Q

Heterogenous group. Of t cells that recognize self and foreign lipids and glycolipids

A

NKT cell

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41
Q

What MHC Like molecule is recognized by NKT cells and what kind of antigen do they contain?

A

CD1d (acts like MHC)

lipids and glycolipids Ags

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42
Q

Gamma delta T. Cells. Can present antigens via which MHC. Class?

A

II (just like. APCs)

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43
Q

Gamma delta T cells can trigger production of what cytokine? Which cell do. They cause to mature?

A

IL-12

DC

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44
Q

How do gamma delta t cells regulate stromal function

A

Produce growth factor

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45
Q

Normal t cells recognize ___ Ag’s. NKT cells recognize ___ Ags.

A

Peptide, lipid or glycolipid

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46
Q

Tuberculosis is an example of one time that we utilize the killing done by which kind of immune cell?

A

NKT

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47
Q

NKT cells quickly produce large amounts of what cytokines?

A

INF-gamma, IL-4

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48
Q

what are materials that our immune cells recognize as “damaged”?

A

cytokines, pathogens, toxins, mechanical tissue damage, contents of dying cells

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49
Q

activated APCs express higher levels of what

A

both MHCII and B7

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50
Q

what kind of cell death generates danger signals which lead to inflammation

A

necrosis

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51
Q

what is the dirty form of cell death that causes swelling, rupture, inflammation or harm to neighboring cells?

A

necrosis

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52
Q

chronic inflammation causes a lot more long term damage to the body. what is the cellular response primary consisting of for acute inflammation? chronic inflammation?

A

acute- neutrophils

chronic- monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

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53
Q

what are the stages of acute inflammation

A
  1. Detect danger/ damage
  2. Leukocyte recruitment/ eliminate stimuli
  3. Resolution (macrophages clean up)
  4. wound healing (angiogenesis, new epithelium and collagen)
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54
Q

what are the 3 signals released during cell necrosis that activate NF-kappa-B to begin causing inflammation

A

HMGB1, Uric acid, HSPs

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55
Q

what immune cell cleans debris using scavenger receptors (a PRR)

A

macrophage

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56
Q

macrophages release TFG beta which stimulus what cell make collagen

A

fibroblast

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57
Q

in atherosclerosis, a macrophage enters the tissue and is activated via TLRs where it causes an inflammation. when macrophages in these circumstances accumulate lipids what kind of cell do they become?

A

foam cells

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58
Q

what cells contribute to the “cleanliness” of cell death via apoptosis

A

Treg (as well as IL-10 and TGF-beta)

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59
Q

when activated, caspases are the executioners of the cell during apoptosis. they act by destroying what key components of the cell?

A

cellular infrastructure

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60
Q

what are the apoptotic signals that trigger the intrinsic pathway

A

Bcl2, calcium, free radicals

61
Q

what is the regulator of intrinsic apoptosis

A

cytochrome c

62
Q

what are the executioners involved in intrinsic apoptosis

A

cas 9 then cas 3 (and apaf-1)

63
Q

what triggers extrinsic apoptosis

A

Fas-FasL binding

64
Q

what are the executioners of extrinsic apoptosis

A

cas 8, 10 then cas 3

65
Q

what is the disorder that results from a defective Fas gene?

A

ALPS (autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome)

66
Q

what are symptoms of ALPS

A

adenopathy, splenomegaly, over activation of B and T cells, lymphocytes live too long (malignancy)

67
Q

before a b cell leaves the bone marrow it is tested for recognition of self Ags in a process called what

A

central tolerance

68
Q

b cells are cooler than t cells because if one is made and found to have strong recognition of self, t cells just get killed but b cells can do what?

A

receptor editing (they get a second try to express a different antigen receptor that won’t be self reactive)

69
Q

which chain of the BCR undergoes “receptor editing” after it is determined that recognition of self Ag is too strong?

A

light chain (first try is kappa, second try is lambda)

70
Q

after a b cell is activated, it requires stimulation from what other immune cell before it can clonally expand

A

Th

71
Q

What are 3 mechanisms for generating antibody or TCR diversity

A

Somatic recombination, junctional diversity, somatic hypermutation

72
Q

Shuffling gene segments describes which of the 3 methods for inducing diversity in Ab and TCR?

A

Somatic recombination

73
Q

Every B cell (and every plasma cell or antibody created from that B cell) undergoes genetic rearrangement so that it can recognize how many kinds of foreign antigens?

A

ONE

74
Q

One B cell can secrete one or more ___ of immunoglobulins but they will all respond to the same antigen

A

isotypes

75
Q

An Ig contains 2 identical light chains that are in one of 2 conformations. What are the 2 possible light chain conformations? And what process allows us to switch to the other conformation?

A

Kappa and lambda

Receptor editing (allows us to switch from kappa to lambda if kappa just aint doin the trick)

76
Q

Kappa (light) chain of Ig is encoded on which chromosome?

A

2

77
Q

lambda (light) chain of Ig is encoded on which chromosome?

A

22

78
Q

The heavy chain of Ig. Is encoded on which chromosome

A

14

79
Q

Which heavy chain domains contain 3 constant domains?

A

A and D and G

80
Q

Which heavy chain domains contain 4 constant domains?

A

M and E

81
Q

Where would you find double negative T cells

A

CD4-CD8-
These precursors are made in the bone marrow and travel to the thymus (seen specifically in the SUBCAPSULAR CORTEX of the thymus)

82
Q

Where would you find double positive T cells?

A

CD4+CD8+ deep in the thymic cortex

83
Q

Where in the thymus do we find single positive T cells?

A

These mature T cells are found in the medulla

84
Q

Expression of the Ig heavy chain requires what two Gene recombination events?

A

DJ joining followed by VDJ joining

85
Q

After recombination of the VDJ regions of the heavy chain occurs what sequence of events follows to complete somatic recombination

A

Introns are deleted, transcription, VDJ is spliced, mRNA is translated to produce heavy chain (light chain follows afterward with the same sequence but without a D segment)

86
Q

Which subunit of the TCR is analogous to an Ab light chain?

A

Alpha

87
Q

The light and heavy chains are assembled where. In the cell?

A

ER

88
Q

In the human kappa (light chain) gene how many segments are there for the V region? J region? C region?

A

Kappa
V: up to 35
J: 5
C: 1

89
Q

Which light. Chain has more diversity? (More genes to choose from in an undifferentiated cell?)

A

Kappa (300 compared to only 30 possibilities for lambda)

90
Q

What portion of an Ab contains “complementarity determining regions”?

A

Light chains variable regions

91
Q

The variable region of light chains contains one variable exon as well as what other exon?

A

Leader (L) exon

92
Q

What enzyme is required for combinational diversity in antigen receptors?

A

VDJ recombinase (found in immature B and T cells- RAG genes)

93
Q

What enzyme is required for junctional diversity in antigen receptors?

A

Exonuclease and TdT (this form of diversity is unliminted)

94
Q

What enzyme takes nucleotides that aren’t originally in germline and adds them ranomly to sites of VDJ recombination to create Ig or TCR variation

A

terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

95
Q

One of the most variable CDRs is CDR3 (very important site for antigen recognition) and the junction that encodes this is located where

A

Within V region

96
Q

Which Ab isotype is responsible for Mucosal immunity

A

IgA

97
Q

Which Ab isotype is responsible for Which Ab isotype is responsible for naive BCR only

A

IgD

98
Q

Which Ab isotype is responsible for mast cell activation and helminth defense

A

IgE

99
Q

Which Ab isotype is responsible for opsonization, complement activation, ADCC, and neonatal immunity

A

IgG

100
Q

Which Ab isotype is responsible for naive BCR and complement activation

A

IgM

101
Q

Isotype switching occurs by deletion of DNA segments assisted by what enzyme?

A

AID

102
Q

Isotype switching occurs only after a B cell is stimulated by what?

A

CD40-CD40L

103
Q

After a BCR. Has been exposed to. An epitope and memory B cells are restimulated there is rapid proliferation in the germinal center of lymph follicles followed by selection of high affinity B cells that accumulate point mutations which do what?

A

Affinity maturation (make the B cell more capable of binding its antigen)

104
Q

This process occurs when cytosine bases are deaminated and converted to uracil which get replaced by error prone DNA repair leading to mutations

A

Somatic hypermutation (affinity maturation)

105
Q

MHC is a large gene on which human chromosome

A

6 (on the P arm)

106
Q

Which class of MHC. Molecules has more diversity?

A

Class II can express 10-20 different molecules (Class I can express a measly 6)

107
Q

HLA class III codes for what in human cells?

A

Complement proteins (C4, Factor B, C2) and cytokines (LTb, TNFa, LTa)

108
Q

Graft between two areas on the same individual

A

Autograft

109
Q

Graft (transplant) between 2 genetically identical individuals

A

Isograft

110
Q

Graft between genetically different members of the same species

A

Allograft

111
Q

Graft between members of different species

A

Xenograft

112
Q

What elements must be tested before tissue transplantation can occur

A

ABO typing, HLA typing, screen preformed Abs, crossmatching

113
Q

When the respiratory tract and lungs become involved in an allergic reaction the mediators cause what to happen

A

Anaphylaxis

114
Q

Activated B cells proliferate, secrete IgM, and increase expression of what

A

MHC II with Ag, B7, and cytokine receptors

115
Q

Which B cell receptor binds complement protein C3d that has opsonized bacteria

A

CR2

116
Q

Once a B cell is activated in the lymphoid follicle where does it migrate to?

A

Toward t cell rich zones of LN

117
Q

Active Th cells are Necessary To activate Memory B cells. What Costimulatory molecule is used in this interaction?

A

CD40 (B cell) binds CD40L (T cell)

118
Q

Deficiency in CD40L (X linked disorder) Signaling during B cell activation leads to what?

A

Hyper IgM syndrome (CD40 required for class switching)

119
Q

What two fates does an active b cell have?

A

Plasma cell or memory cell

120
Q

These cells travel to spleen or bone marrow to produce lots of antibodies

A

Plasma cells (only alive 5 days)

121
Q

State whether the following are characteristic of thymus dependent or thymus independent reactions: isotype switching, affinity maturation, memory B cell formation

A

All are thymus dependent (TD) because they require T cells

122
Q

What are examples of TI antigens

A

Polysaccharides, lipids, and other nonprotein Ags

123
Q

How do TI Ags activate B cells to induce an adaptive immune response?

A

Cross linking of the BCRs

124
Q

There are two types of TI Ags: which type Are polyclonal activators of b cells? (First signal is Ag binding BCR, second signal comes from TLR)

A

TI-1

125
Q

There are two types of TI Ags: which type are Ag with repeating epitopes for cross linking BCRs? (First signal is Ag binds BCR, then BCRs cluster to activate)

A

TI-2 (no memory)

126
Q

What is the most important application of our body’s use of TI Ag defense

A

Ab against encapsulated bacteria (and its fast)

127
Q

What causes tissue injury during an infection?

A

Host response (collateral damage) and bacterial toxins

128
Q

What does C reactive protein do (CRP)?

A

Its an acute phase protein: Binds bacterial Polysaccarides, activate complement

129
Q

What cytokine increases the presence of CRP?

A

IL-6

130
Q

DCs recognize bacteria using what?How to they migrate through the body to. Activate. Naive T cells??

A

PRRs (Like TLRs)

Migrate via lymphatics

131
Q

Local inflammation causes lymph nodes to increase adhesion molecules on their ___ so that DCs are able to enter the LN

A

High endothelial venule

132
Q

Which kind of bacterial toxin are components of the cell wall

A

Endotoxin (LPS)

133
Q

Which type of bacterial toxin are secreted by the bacteria

A

Exotoxin

134
Q

This bacterial exotoxin shuts down protein synthesis

A

Diptheria toxin

135
Q

This bacterial exotoxin interferes with ion/water transport

A

Cholera toxin

136
Q

This bacterial exotoxin inhibits neuromuscular transmission

A

Tetanus toxin

137
Q

Peptidoglycan and LPS activate complement via which pathway?

A

Alternative

138
Q

complement activation results in what outcome for the bacteria

A

Opsonization, phagocytosis, or lysis

139
Q

Which complement pathway requires C1r, C1s, and C1q in step 1?

A

Classical

140
Q

Which complement pathway requires MBL and MASPs in step 1?

A

mannose binding lectin

141
Q

Which complement pathway requires Factor B and Factor D in step 1?

A

Alternative

142
Q

What is needed in the alternative pathway to stabilize the convertase that is made (such as c3 convertase= C3bBb)

A

Properdin

143
Q

Which ROS has the ability to initiate apoptosis (via caspase activation) or necrosis?

A

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)

144
Q

While many bacteria can inhibit complement activation, which is known for resisting phagocytosis?

A

Pneumococcus, neisseria meningitis

145
Q

While many bacteria can inhibit complement activation, which is known for scavenging ROS?

A

Catalase positive staph

146
Q

Which antibody and antibody receptor are required to undergo Ab. Mediated phagocytosis

A

IgG binds Fc-gamma-RI

Or

IgA binds F-alpha-RI

147
Q

Fc-epsilon-RI is special because it can bind IgE without an Ag bound (priming the cells). Which cells have Fc-epsilon-RI ?

A

Mast cell, eosinophil, basophil (binding of Ag causes granule exocytosis)

148
Q

What are some methods used by bacteria to evade our immune system?

A

Antigenic variation

inhibit complement (block C3 convertase or MAC formation)

resist phagocytosis

scavenge ROS (catalase + bacteria)

#MedSchool (17 decks)

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