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ESA2 > MSK 2 Classification of and Joints of Upper limb > Flashcards

MSK 2 Classification of and Joints of Upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bone is the frontal bone of the skull?

A

Flat bone

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2
Q

What type of bone is the scaphoid?

A

Short bone

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3
Q

What type of bone is the humerus?

A

Long bone

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4
Q

What type of bone is a vertebrae?

A

Irregular bone

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5
Q

What type of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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6
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Bone embedded within a muscle or tendon

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7
Q

What type of bone is embedded within a cranial suture?

A

Sutural bone

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8
Q

Define joint:

A

A articulation between either:

  • Neighbouring bones
  • Teeth and bone
  • Cartilage and bone
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9
Q

What are the main characteristics of a fibrous joint?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Articulating bones held close by fibrous tissue
  • Little or no movement
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10
Q

Name the 3 types of fibrous joints:

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
  • Suture
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11
Q

What are the main characteristics of a cartilaginous joint?

A
  • No synovial cavity
  • Articulating bones tightly connected via cartilage
  • Little or no movement
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12
Q

Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints:

A

1) Synchondrosis

2) Symphysis

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13
Q

What type of cartilage is present within a synchondrosis?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What type of cartilage is present within a symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is the functional classification of a synchondrosis?

A

Synarthrosis

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16
Q

What is the functional classification of a symphysis?

A

Amphiarthrosis

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17
Q

What are the main characteristics of a synovial joint?

A
  • Synovial cavity = Articular cartilage + capsule
  • Bursa/tendon sheaths
  • Freely movable (Diarthrosis)
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18
Q

What are the 3 ways to functionally classify a joint?

A

1) Synarthrosis
2) Amphiarthrosis
3) Diarthrosis

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19
Q

What type of joint is a ‘diarthrosis’?

A

Freely movable (synovial joint)

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20
Q

What type of joint is an amphiarthrosis?

A

Permits little movement (may be fibrous or cartilaginous)

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21
Q

What type of joint is a synarthrosis?

A

Permits no movement (may be fibrous or cartilaginous)

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22
Q

What type of cartilage is usually present within a synovial joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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23
Q

Why is it important for a synovial joint to have a rich blood supply?

A

Synovial joints are freely movable, so must receive good blood supply to prevent loss of perfusion during flexion

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24
Q

Approximately how much synovial fluid is present within a synovial joint?

A

~ 0.5 ml

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25
Q

What 4 substances make up synovial fluid?

A
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Proteinases
  • Collagenases
  • Lubricin
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26
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joint:

A

1) Ball-and-Socket
2) Pivot
3) Planar
4) Saddle
5) Hinge
6) Condyloid/Ellipsoidal

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27
Q

Classify the sternoclavicular joint:

A

Planar synovial joint

Diarthrosis

28
Q

Classify the knee joint:

A

Hinge synovial joint

Diarthrosis

29
Q

Classify the Atlo-axial joint:

A

Pivot synovial joint

Diarthrosis

30
Q

Classify the wrist joint:

A

Condyloid/Ellipsoidal synovial joint

Diarthrosis

31
Q

Classify the Atlanto-Occipital joint:

A

Condyloid/Ellipsoidal synovial joint

Diarthrosis

32
Q

Classify the joint between the trapezium and the base of the 1st metacarpal:

A

Saddle synovial joint

Diarthrosis

33
Q

Classify the shoulder joint:

A

Ball-and-Socket synovial joint

Diarthrosis

34
Q

Define Hilton’s Law:

A

The nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint, and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

35
Q

What causes the popping sound heard when joints are ‘cracked’?

A
  • Bones are pulled away from each other
  • Synovial cavity expands but synovial fluid volume stays constant, producing a vacuum
  • The gases dissolved in the synovial fluid are pulled out of solution = POP
36
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the glenohumeral joint?

A
  • Glenoid cavity of the scapula

- Head of the humerus

37
Q

What is the glenoid labrum?

A

Ring of fibrocartilage surrounding the rim of the glenoid cavity = deepens the cavity to stabilise glenohumeral joint

38
Q

Name the 4 rotator cuff muscles:

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres minor

39
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Teres minor

40
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles insert into the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis

41
Q

Which 7 muscles contribute to the glenohumeral joint?

A

1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Subscapularis
4) Teres minor
5) Deltoid
6) Long head of Biceps brachii
7) Long head of Triceps brachii

42
Q

Name the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint:

A

Coracoacromial ligament
Coracohumeral ligament
Transverse ligament

43
Q

Name the 3 intracapsular ligaments of the glenohumeral joint:

A

Superior glenohumeral ligament
Middle glenohumeral ligament
Inferior glenohumeral ligament

44
Q

Where does the glenohumeral joint capsule attach to?

A

Glenoid labrum
Laterally: Anatomical neck of humerus
Medially: Surgical neck of humerus

45
Q

The glenohumeral joint capsule is continuous with which bursa?

A

Subscapular bursa

46
Q

What 3 structures form the Coracoacromial arch?

A

1) Coracoacromial ligament
2) Acromion
3) Coracoid process

47
Q

Which STRONG glenohumeral ligament prevents upper displacement of the humerus?

A

Coraco-acromial ligament

48
Q

Name the 2 bursae within the glenohumeral joint:

A

Subscapular bursa

Subacromial bursa

49
Q

Name the 4 muscles which cause flexion at the glenohumeral joint:

A

1) Deltoid (anterior fibres)
2) Biceps brachii
3) Coracobrachialis
4) Pectoralis major

50
Q

Name the 3 muscles which cause extension of the glenohumeral joint:

A

1) Triceps brachii
2) Latissimus dorsi
3) Teres major

51
Q

Which muscle causes abduction of the arm from 0’ to 15’?

A

Supraspinatus

52
Q

Which muscle causes abduction of the arm from 15’ to 90’?

53
Q

What causes abduction of the arm 90’+?

A

Serratus anterior
Trapezius
Scapular rotation

54
Q

Which muscles cause adduction of the arm?

A

Lattisimus dorsi
Pectoralis major
Teres major

55
Q

Which muscles cause medial rotation of the arm?

A

Subscapularis
Teres major
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi

56
Q

Which muscles cause lateral rotation of the arm?

A

Infraspinatus

Teres minor

57
Q

Which arteries supply the glenohumeral joint?

A

Anterior and Posterior Circumflex humeral arteries

Suprascapular artery

58
Q

Which nerves supply the glenohumeral joint?

A

Suprascapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Lateral pectoral nerve

59
Q

Where is the safe area for injection into the deltoid muscle? What are you trying to avoid?

A

Over 4cm below the acromion

Avoid damage to axillary nerve and circumflex humeral arteries

60
Q

What are the 2 causes of a posterior dislocation of the humerus?

A

1) Epilepsy

2) Electrocution

61
Q

What is the main cause of an anterior dislocation of the humerus?

A

Trauma on fully abducted arm

62
Q

How would someone present with an anterior dislocation of the humerus, and why?

A

Painful, arm supported,

Square shoulder - humeral head pulled below coracoid process due to pectoralis major and teres major

63
Q

What is the most common cause of a surgical neck fracture of the humerus?

A

Fall on outstretched hand

64
Q

Which nerve is at risk during anterior dislocation of the humerus?

A

Axillary nerve

65
Q

Which nerve is at risk during a surgical neck fracture of the humerus?

A

Axillary nerve

66
Q

What is the presentation of painful arc syndrome?

A

Painful abduction of arm between 50’ to 130’

67
Q

What is the main cause of painful arc syndrome?

A

Repetitive overuse: sports/overhead work ie plastering

ESA2 (27 decks)

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