MoD 9 (Neoplasia 2) Flashcards
Explain why cancer cells are inefficient at metastasising to distant tissues:
Cancer cells not designed to withstand high arterial pressure:
- Damaged by hitting vessel wall
- Shredded ‘embolic trauma’ as too large to pass through capillaries
Which 3 alterations are needed for invasion? How to cancer cells cause these changes?
1) Altered adhesion
- Reduce E-cadherin expression to allow movement
- Increase E-cadherin expression once in transport
2) Altered proteolysis
- To degrade basement membrane and stoma (mainly via matrix metalloproteinases)
3) Altered motility
- Change actin cytoskeleton to allow movement
What are the 3 routes of metastasis?
1) Lymph
2) Blood
3) Coelomic
Which 5 neoplasms commonly spread to bone?
1) Breast
2) Bronchus
3) Kidney
4) Thyroid
5) Prostate
Which type of malignant tumour typically spreads first to lymph then blood?
Carcinoma
Which type of malignant neoplasm typically spreads first to blood?
Sarcoma
Which hormone is commonly released by Thyroid adenoma’s?
Thyroxine
Which hormones are commonly produced by Bronchial small cell carcinoma?
1) ACTH
2) ADH
Which hormone is sometimes released from bronchial squamous cell carcinoma?
PTH-like hormone
Which type of lung cancer is associated with finger clubbing?
Non-small cell
What is a sentinel lymph node?
First node to which a cancer is most likely to spread from a primary tumour
How is a sentinel lymph node biopsy performed?
- Inject radioactive dye into skin around the site of the original tumour
- Allows location of sentinel nodes, which can then be removed via incision
Name the 2 types of lung cancer strongly associated with smoking:
1) Bronchial small cell
2) Squamous cell
Name the 2 most aggressive forms of lung cancer:
1) Bronchial small cell
2) Large cell carcinoma
Where does Lung cancer typically metastasise to?
- Brain
- Bone
- Liver
- Adrenal glands
