CVS 6 (Congenital heart disease) Flashcards
A shunt in which direction across the heart results in cyanosis?
Right to Left shunt
Name 3 left-to-right cardiac shunts:
1) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
2) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Name 4 acyanotic obstructive lesions:
1) Aortic stenosis
2) Pulmonary stenosis
3) Coarctation of the aorta
4) Mitral stenosis
Is an aortic stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Is a pulmonary stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Is coarctation of the aorta cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Is a mitral stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?
Acyanotic
Name the 4 cyanotic shunts:
1) Tetralogy of Fallot
2) Transposition of the great arteries
3) Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD)
4) Univentricular heart
What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD)?
- Pulmonary veins attach to right heart
- Oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood and enters left heart via ASD
- Deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation
- Cyanotic
Why does transposition of the great arteries cause cyanosis?
Deoxygenated blood will be pumped into aorta and the systemic circulation so not enough oxygen will reach respiring tissues
An atrial septal defect will usually cause a shunt in which direction? Why?
Left-to-right
Pressure in left heart is higher than in the right heart, so blood moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
VSD’s most commonly occur where?
In the membrane ventricular septum
A ventricular septal defect will usually cause a shunt in which direction? Why?
Left-to-right
Pressure in left heart is higher than in the right heart, so blood moves from higher pressure to lower pressure
Is an atrial or ventricular septal defect most likely to cause pulmonary hypertension?
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
What is the most common congenital heart defect associated with Down’s syndrome?
Atrioventricular septal defect
What is an atrio-ventricular septal defect?
Defective endocardial cushion formation between both the atria and ventricles
- Atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect
- Blood moves from left herat to right heart down pressure gradient
What is an aortic stenosis?
Narrowing of the aortic valve
What is coartation of the aorta?
Narrowing of the aorta, most commonly in the arch of the aorta
Is a Tetralogy of Fallot a cyanotic disorder?
Yes
Is transposition of the great arteries cyanotic or acyanotic?
Cyanotic
Is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD) cyanotic or acyanotic?
Cyanotic
Is a univentricular heart a cyanotic or acyanotic disease?
Cyanotic
What is a Tetralogy of Fallot?
1) Pulmonary stenosis
2) Ventricular septal defect
3) Right ventricular hypertrophy
4) Over-riding aorta
What is tricuspid atresia?
- Incomplete development of tricuspid AV valve
- No RV inlet
How does blood flow to the lungs if patient has tricuspid atresia?
1) Via ventricular septal defect (VSD)
2) Via patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
What is a ‘hypoplastic left heart’?
Underdeveloped left ventricle
How does blood flow from the heart into the systemic circulation if patient has a hypoplastic left heart?
From the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) into the aorta
2 shunts are obligatory for survival with a hypoplastic left heart. What are they?
1) Patent ductus arteriosus (Right-to-left)
2) Patent foramen ovale (Left-to-right)
Is a hypoplastic left heart a cyanotic or acyanotic disease?
Cyanotic
What is meant by ‘transposition of the great arteries’?
1) Right ventricle is connected to the Aorta (instead of the pulmonary trunk)
2) Left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary trunk (instead of the aorta)
How does a baby with transposed great arteries survive during utero?
In utero tissue is oxygenated via the placenta, not via the lungs.
What is pulmonary atresia?
Underdeveloped pulmonary valve = no RV outlet
Which 2 shunts are obligatory for survival with pulmonary atresia?
1) Atrial septal defect
2) Patent ductus arteriosus
What is the main complication associated with a ventricular septal defect?
Pulmonary hypertension
Name the 4 congenital heart defects which present as neonatal emergencies:
1) Hypoplastic left heart
2) Transposition of great vessels
3) Pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta
4) Pulmonary atresia
