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ESA2 > CVS 6 (Congenital heart disease) > Flashcards

CVS 6 (Congenital heart disease) Flashcards

1
Q

A shunt in which direction across the heart results in cyanosis?

A

Right to Left shunt

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2
Q

Name 3 left-to-right cardiac shunts:

A

1) Atrial septal defect (ASD)
2) Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

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3
Q

Name 4 acyanotic obstructive lesions:

A

1) Aortic stenosis
2) Pulmonary stenosis
3) Coarctation of the aorta
4) Mitral stenosis

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4
Q

Is an aortic stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

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5
Q

Is a pulmonary stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

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6
Q

Is coarctation of the aorta cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

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7
Q

Is a mitral stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

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8
Q

Name the 4 cyanotic shunts:

A

1) Tetralogy of Fallot
2) Transposition of the great arteries
3) Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD)
4) Univentricular heart

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9
Q

What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD)?

A
  • Pulmonary veins attach to right heart
  • Oxygenated blood mixes with deoxygenated blood and enters left heart via ASD
  • Deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation
  • Cyanotic
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10
Q

Why does transposition of the great arteries cause cyanosis?

A

Deoxygenated blood will be pumped into aorta and the systemic circulation so not enough oxygen will reach respiring tissues

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11
Q

An atrial septal defect will usually cause a shunt in which direction? Why?

A

Left-to-right

Pressure in left heart is higher than in the right heart, so blood moves from higher pressure to lower pressure

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12
Q

VSD’s most commonly occur where?

A

In the membrane ventricular septum

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13
Q

A ventricular septal defect will usually cause a shunt in which direction? Why?

A

Left-to-right

Pressure in left heart is higher than in the right heart, so blood moves from higher pressure to lower pressure

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14
Q

Is an atrial or ventricular septal defect most likely to cause pulmonary hypertension?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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15
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect associated with Down’s syndrome?

A

Atrioventricular septal defect

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16
Q

What is an atrio-ventricular septal defect?

A

Defective endocardial cushion formation between both the atria and ventricles

  • Atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect
  • Blood moves from left herat to right heart down pressure gradient
17
Q

What is an aortic stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve

18
Q

What is coartation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta, most commonly in the arch of the aorta

19
Q

Is a Tetralogy of Fallot a cyanotic disorder?

A

Yes

20
Q

Is transposition of the great arteries cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Cyanotic

21
Q

Is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage (TAPVD) cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Cyanotic

22
Q

Is a univentricular heart a cyanotic or acyanotic disease?

A

Cyanotic

23
Q

What is a Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

1) Pulmonary stenosis
2) Ventricular septal defect
3) Right ventricular hypertrophy
4) Over-riding aorta

24
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A
  • Incomplete development of tricuspid AV valve

- No RV inlet

25
Q

How does blood flow to the lungs if patient has tricuspid atresia?

A

1) Via ventricular septal defect (VSD)

2) Via patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

26
Q

What is a ‘hypoplastic left heart’?

A

Underdeveloped left ventricle

27
Q

How does blood flow from the heart into the systemic circulation if patient has a hypoplastic left heart?

A

From the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk, through a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) into the aorta

28
Q

2 shunts are obligatory for survival with a hypoplastic left heart. What are they?

A

1) Patent ductus arteriosus (Right-to-left)

2) Patent foramen ovale (Left-to-right)

29
Q

Is a hypoplastic left heart a cyanotic or acyanotic disease?

A

Cyanotic

30
Q

What is meant by ‘transposition of the great arteries’?

A

1) Right ventricle is connected to the Aorta (instead of the pulmonary trunk)
2) Left ventricle is connected to the pulmonary trunk (instead of the aorta)

31
Q

How does a baby with transposed great arteries survive during utero?

A

In utero tissue is oxygenated via the placenta, not via the lungs.

32
Q

What is pulmonary atresia?

A

Underdeveloped pulmonary valve = no RV outlet

33
Q

Which 2 shunts are obligatory for survival with pulmonary atresia?

A

1) Atrial septal defect

2) Patent ductus arteriosus

34
Q

What is the main complication associated with a ventricular septal defect?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

35
Q

Name the 4 congenital heart defects which present as neonatal emergencies:

A

1) Hypoplastic left heart
2) Transposition of great vessels
3) Pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta
4) Pulmonary atresia

ESA2 (27 decks)

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