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ESA2 > CVS 1 (Basics) > Flashcards

CVS 1 (Basics) Flashcards

1
Q

Which side of the heart (left/right) pumps blood from the body to the lungs?

A

Right heart

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2
Q

The left heart pumps blood from where to where?

A

Lungs to body

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3
Q

Why does the heart wall require its own blood supply?

A

Heart wall is thick, and diffusion from chambers would take too long

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4
Q

Describe the capillary wall:

A

Single endothelial cell thick, surrounded by basal lamina

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5
Q

What is required for diffusion of gases to occur?

A

Concentration gradient

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6
Q

Rate of diffusion depend on:

A
  • Surface area available for diffusion
  • Diffusion resistance (nature of molecule/barrier, and path length)
  • Concentration gradient
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7
Q

How does capillary density differ between tissues?

A

A more metabolically active tissue will have higher capillary density than a less metabolically active tissue

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8
Q

In the body, what maintains the concentration gradient of substances used by tissues?

A

Blood flow

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9
Q

Define perfusion rate:

A

Rate of blood flow to capillary bed

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10
Q

What are the units given to describe blood flow in the body to tissues?

A

ml/min/g

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11
Q

What is the blood flow required by the brain?

A

0.5 ml/min/g

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12
Q

What is the blood flow required by the heart at rest?

A

0.9 ml/min/g

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13
Q

What is the blood flow required by the kidneys?

A

3.5 ml/min/g

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14
Q

What is the minimum total blood flow around a typical 70kg man in L/min?

A

5 L/min

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15
Q

What is the maximum total blood flow around a typical 70kg man in L/min?

A

25 L/min

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16
Q

What are the 2 main ways of controlling flow through the CVS?

A

1) Arterioles

2) Pre-capillary sphincters

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17
Q

Why is the brain one of the hardest-to-perfuse areas of the body?

A

Gravity

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18
Q

What part of the CVS acts as a variable reservoir of blood, allowing the total flow in the system to change?

A

Veins

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19
Q

What characteristics of veins allow them to act as variable reservoirs of blood?

A

Thin elastic walls that can easily distend or collapse

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20
Q

Approximately what percentage of the bodies blood is in the venous system at any time?

A

~ 67%

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21
Q

Approximately what percentage of the bodies blood is in the artery/arteriole system at any time?

A

~ 11%

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22
Q

Approximately what percentage of the bodies blood is in the capillary system at any time?

A

~ 5%

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23
Q

Approximately what percentage of the bodies blood is in the heart/lungs at any time?

A

~ 17%

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24
Q

Describe the layers of the pericardial sac:

A

3 layers:

  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Parietal serous layer, connected to fibrous layer
  • Visceral serous layer, connected to myocardium
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25
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart pump on average per minute (at rest)?

A

~ 5 L/min

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26
Q

What is the name given to the vessels joining arterioles to capillaries?

A

Metarterioles

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27
Q

What is the name given to the vessels joining capillaries to venules?

A

Post-capillary venules

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28
Q

In which blood vessel is the blood flow at the highest velocity?

A

Aorta

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29
Q

Name the 3 elastic arteries which branch from the aortic arch, in order from nearest to the heart:

A

1) Brachiocephalic
2) Left common carotid
3) Left subclavian

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30
Q

How many pulmonary veins feed into the left atrium?

A

4

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31
Q

The descending aorta bifurcates in the abdominal cavity, into which 2 main arteries?

A

Left and right common Iliac arteries

32
Q

There are 8 main elastic arteries of the body. Name them:

A

1) Left pulmonary
2) Right pulmonary
3) Aorta
4) Brachiocephalic
5) Left common carotid
6) Left subclavian
7) Left common Iliac
8) Right common Iliac

33
Q

What is the normal range of blood pressure?

A

90/60 - 120/90 mmHg

34
Q

How does the aorta maintain pressure during diastole?

A

Elastic walls recoil

35
Q

In which type of blood vessel does the blood pressure change from being pulsatile to constant?

A

Arterioles

36
Q

What are the 3 major types of arteries, in order from largest to smallest?

A

1) Elastic conducting
2) Muscular distributing
3) Arterioles

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of arteries and veins, from innermost to outermost?

A

1) Tunica intima
2) Tunica media
3) Tunica adventitia

38
Q

Why may elastic arteries appear yellow when fresh?

A

Due to abundant elastin

39
Q

What colour does elastin appear when fresh (unstained/fixed)?

A

Yellow

40
Q

What colour does elastin appear when fixed?

A

White

41
Q

Define ‘vasa vasorum’:

A

‘Vessels of vessels’ = blood vessels of large blood vessels

42
Q

In the tunica media of an artery, what cells produce the elastic, collagen and matrix?

A

Smooth muscle cells

43
Q

What is meant by ‘dissection of the aorta’, and what causes it?

A

When blood escapes from the lumen of the aorta, through a tear, creating a space between the tunica intima and tunica media. This blood clots and distorts the aorta, increasing pressure further.
Caused by high internal pressure of blood flow

44
Q

Define ‘end artery’:

A

Terminal artery supplying all or most of the blood to a body part without significant collateral circulation

45
Q

Give 2 examples of absolute end arteries:

A

1) Central artery to retina

2) Labyrinthine artery of internal ear

46
Q

What is myocardial bridging?

A

When a layer of myocardium lies over a coronary artery rather than under it.

47
Q

What is the name given to the condition where a layer of myocardium lies over a coronary artery rather than under it?

A

Myocardial bridging

48
Q

Why is myocardial bridging usually asymptomatic?

A

Because the coronary arteries usually fill during diastole

49
Q

What is the name given to arteries which supply blood to the capillary beds?

A

Metarterioles

50
Q

What is the difference between arterioles and metarterioles?

A

Arterioles - continuous smooth muscle layer

Metarterioles - non-continuous smooth muscle layer (smooth muscle cell = pre-capillary sphincters)

51
Q

What cell type makes up the tunica adventitia of an arteriole?

A

Fibroblasts

52
Q

Why is it important for blood to flow at its slowest velocity through capillaries?

A

To allow time for gas/nutrient-exchange to take place

53
Q

What is the approx. diameter of a capillary?

A

~ 7-10 um

54
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated
3) Sinusoidal (discontinuous)

55
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

Continuous capillary

56
Q

What junction type joins the endothelial cells in capillaries?

A

Tight junctions

57
Q

What is the name given to the smooth muscle cells encircling the endothelium of a capillary arising from a metarteriole?

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

58
Q

What is the importance of a pre-capillary sphincter?

A

Allows regulation of blood flow to capillary bed

59
Q

Via which passage could blood bypass the capillary bed?

A

Via the central channel: metarteriole and throughfare channel

60
Q

What is the importance of the ‘central channel’ through capillary beds?

A

It allows blood to bypass the capillaries, and consists of a metarteriole and throughfare channel

61
Q

Where does lymphatic fluid drain into the blood?

A
  • Left subclavian vein (mostly)

- Right subclavian vein (R head, trunk, arm)

62
Q

If all pre-capillary sphincters of a capillary bed were shut, where would blood flow?

A

Through the central channel (metarteriole and throughfare channel) which bypasses the capillary bed, into the post-capillary venule

63
Q

Approximately how much fluid does the lymphatic system drain per hour? (ml/hr)

A

100 ml/hr

64
Q

On average what percentage of our total blood volume is held in our capillaries at any one time?

A

~ 5%

65
Q

In what blood vessel is blood flow at its slowest velocity?

A

Capillaries

66
Q

What does a capillary wall consist of?

A
  • Endothelium

- Basement membrane

67
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Exocrine glands
  • Lungs
68
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A
  • Endocrine glands
  • Parts of gut
  • Renal glomerulus
69
Q

Where are sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries found?

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
70
Q

Which type of capillary has the largest diameter?

A

Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries

71
Q

What is the main function of a sinusoidal/discontinuous capillary?

A

Has large gaps in its walls, allowing cells to move between the blood and tissue.

72
Q

Which cell type form a branching network on the outer surface of the endothelium of capillaries?

A

Pericytes

73
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Cells which form a branching network on the outer surface of the endothelium of capillaries. They are pluripotent and can differentiate into muscle cells or fibroblasts.

74
Q

What are the 4 possible routes of transport across the endothelial wall of a fenestrated capillary?

A

1) Diffusion across cell
2) Transcytosis
3) Diffusion via intercellular cleft
4) Diffusion via fenestration

75
Q

Which capillary type has an incomplete basement membrane?

A

Sinusoidal/discontinuous capillaries

ESA2 (27 decks)

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