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ESA2 > MoD 10 (Neoplasia 3) > Flashcards

MoD 10 (Neoplasia 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Which tumour marker is often released by Lver cell carcinoma?

A

AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)

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2
Q

Name the mould which produces Aflatoxins associated with Liver cell carcinoma:

A

Aspergillus flavus

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3
Q

Why is colonic carcinoma rare in Africa?

A

Africans have higher fibre diet:

  • Decreases transit time through bowel
  • Maintains bowel health (binds carcinogens)
  • Reduces obesity and cholesterol
  • Regulates blood sugar
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4
Q

Why is breast carcinoma rare in Africa?

A

Africans have less Oestrogen exposure, due to earlier and more frequent pregnancies = less time menstruating

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5
Q

What type of cancer is caused by 2-napthylamine?

A

Bladder cancer

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6
Q

How does a pro-carcinogen become a carcinogen in the body?

A

Metabolised by cytochrome P450 liver enzymes

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7
Q

What is meant by ‘complete carcinogens’?

A
  • Act as both an initiator (cause DNA mutations) and a promoter (promote proliferation of cells)
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8
Q

What is the main type of ionising radiation we are exposed to?

A

Radon gas (from the Earth’s crust)

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9
Q

How does DNA damage DNA?

A

Damages DNA bases, and causes single/double strand breaks

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10
Q

How does HPV cause neoplasia? Which type of cancer is it strongly associated with?

A
  • Expresses E6 and E& proteins which inhibit P53 and pRB

- Cervical cancer

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11
Q

How does H. pylori increase the risk of gastric cancer?

A
  • Gastric inflammation = ^ amount of mediators produced by inflammatory leukocytes
  • Higher rate of regeneration of cells
  • Higher risk of DNA mutation
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12
Q

How doe HIV increase the risk of tumour growth?

A

Decreases immunity

Increasing risk of other carcinogenic infections occuring

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13
Q

Is Ras a tumour suppresor gene or a proto-oncogene?

A

Proto-oncogene

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14
Q

Explain Retinoblastoma’s 2-hit hypothesis:

A

Requires 2 mutations in 1 cell:
Familial cancer = 1st hit via germline, 2nd hit = somatic
Sporadic cancer = Both somatic hits must occur in same cell = unlikely

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15
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum causes skin cancer at a young age. Mutations in which genes cause this?

A

Genes which affect DNA nucleotide excision repair

Mutations = Nucletide instability

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16
Q

Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer increases the risk of colon carcinoma, why?

A

Mutated DNA mismatch repair gene

= Microsatellite instability

17
Q

Why does a close family history of breast carcinoma increase your risk of developing it?

A

Associated with mutated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which usually repair double-strand DNA breaks = linked to chromosomal instability

18
Q

List the 6 hallmarks of cancer:

A

1) Sustain proliferative signalling
2) Evade growth suppressors
3) Enable replicative immortality
4) Induce angiogenesis
5) Resist cell death
6) Invade and produce metastases`

19
Q

What enables cancer cells to have replicative immortality?

A

Activation of Telomerase gene

20
Q

What allows cancer cells to induce angiogenesis?

A

Activation of VEGF expression

21
Q

Which gene amplification in breast carcinoma allows cancer to cells to sustain proliferative signalling?

A

HER2

22
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphoma, and how are they microscopically differentiated?

A

Hodgekin’s lymphoma
= Reed-Sternburg cells (abnormal B cells), and usually eosinophils present, with proliferating lymphocytes
Non-Hodgekin’s lymphoma
= Only proliferating lymphocytes present

23
Q

Which type of Lymphoma releases CD20?

A

Non-Hodgkein’s lymphoma

24
Q

Name the system used to stage lymphoma:

A

Ann Arbor System

25
Q

What is MALT lymphoma?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue lymphoma
Type of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Slow growing, often occurs in stomach due to chronic inflammation

26
Q

Mutation in which gene causes Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)?

A

Tumour suppressor gene APC = Chromosomal instability

27
Q

Name the inherited disease which causes almost 100% risk of colorectal cancer:

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

28
Q

What are the symptoms of Retinoblastoma?

A

White pupil that doesn’t reflect light
Squint
Painful red eye

29
Q

Why does inherited Retinoblastoma more commonly affect both eyes compared to sporadic Retinolastoma?

A

2-hit hypothesis:

  • 1st mutation affects all cells (germline)
  • 2nd mutation is sporadic

Risk of both mutations occuring in both eyes is increased, due to germline mutation.

30
Q

Where does bladder carcinoma commonly metastasise to?

A
  • Bone
  • Liver
  • Lung
31
Q

What is the main cause of Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

HHV8 (Human Herpes Virus 8)

32
Q

Quickly forming skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, peripheral oedema and anaemia are all symptoms of what tumour?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

33
Q

What types of cancer is EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) associated with?

A
  • Lymphoma (Hodgekin’s, Non-Hodgekin’s, and Burkitts)

- Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

ESA2 (27 decks)

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