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ESA2 > MoD 7 (Cellular Adaptations) > Flashcards

MoD 7 (Cellular Adaptations) Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by intracrine hormone signalling?

A

A hormone which acts inside the cell it was synthesised, regulating intracellular events

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2
Q

What are the 5 key checkpoints during the cell cycle?

A

1) Restriction (R) point, towards end of G1
2) G1/S transition
3) S/G2 transition
4) G2/M transition
5) M/G1 transition

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3
Q

Which cell checkpoint can activate p53?

A

Restriction (R) point

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4
Q

What happens if p53 is activated during a cell cycle?

A
  • Cell cycle stops

- Triggers DNA repair or apoptosis

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5
Q

How do Cyclins regulate the cell cycle?

A
  • Bind to and activate Cyclin Dependent Kinase’s (CDKs)

- CDKs cause phosphorylation cascade, which drives the cell cycle

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6
Q

What is the name of the proteins which drive the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins

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7
Q

Define regeneration:

A

The replacement of cell losses with identical cells in order to maintain the size of a tissue or organ

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8
Q

Which tissues can regenerate?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Liver
  • Epidermis
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9
Q

Regenerated epithelial cells takes years to mature. What is the advantage of this?

A

Regenerated epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract do not express the receptor for uptake of the Influenza virus

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10
Q

What is Hayflick’s number?

A

The number of times a cell can regenerate (dependant on telomere length)

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11
Q

What is the mean Hayflick number for human cells?

A

61.3

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12
Q

Define reconstitution:

A

The replacement of a lost body part

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13
Q

Define hyperplasia:

A

An increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers.
Can only occur in labile or stable cell populations

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14
Q

In what type of cell populations can hyperplasia occur?

A
  • Labile

- Stable

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15
Q

Proliferation of endometrial wall due to oestrogen influence is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

Thyroid goitre formation in response to iodine deficiency is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hyperplasia

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17
Q

Name the cellular adaptation which increases the number of cells present:

A

Hyperplasia

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18
Q

Define hypertrophy:

A

Increase in tissue or organ size, due to an increased cell size

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19
Q

In which cell population type is hypertrophy most important?

A

Permanent

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20
Q

The growth of skeletal muscle due to bodybuilding is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy

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21
Q

The growth of the smooth muscle in a pregnant uterus is an example of which cellular adaptation?

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

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22
Q

Define compensatory hypertrophy:

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to damage/removal of tissue, or increased functional demand

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23
Q

What type of cells undergo irreversible hypertrophy?

A

Adipocytes

24
Q

Define atrophy:

A

Shrinkage of a tissue/organ due to an acquired decrease in size of and/or number of cells present

25
Q

What cellular adaptation does the thenar eminence undergo if median nerve damaged?

A

Atrophy

26
Q

What can cause pathological atrophy?

A
  • Disuse
  • Denervation
  • Inadequate blood supply
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • Loss of endocrine stimulation
  • Pressure
  • Occlusion of secretory duct
  • Toxic agents/drugs
  • X-Rays
  • Immunological mechanisms
27
Q

Define metaplasia:

A

Reversible change from 1 differentiated cell type to another

28
Q

In which cell populations can metaplasia occur?

A
  • Labile

- Stable

29
Q

What can cause pathological metaplasia?

A

Chronic irritation:

  • Smoking
  • Liver/Pancreas/Kidney stones
  • Persistent acid reflux
30
Q

Describe the metaplasia that occurs in the airways of smokers:

A

In bronchi: From ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia to stratified squamous epithelia

31
Q

Which cellular adaptation occurs during traumatic myositis ossificans?

A

Metaplasia

32
Q

Define aplasia:

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop (embryonic disorder)
—> Also used to describe tissues whose cells have ceased to proliferate, ie Aplastic anaemia

33
Q

What is Aplastic Anaemia?

A

Bone marrow failure, leading to pancytopenia (deficiency of all components of blood- red and white cells, and platelets)

34
Q

Define involution:

A

The normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

35
Q

What is the name of the cellular adaptation which causes physiological atrophy:

A

Involution

36
Q

Define hypoplasia:

A

Congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue/organ.

37
Q

What is the name of the cellular adaptation which describes the congenital underdevelopment of an organ?

A

Hypoplasia

38
Q

What is the name of the cellular adaptation which describes the complete failure of an organ to develop?

A

Aplasia

39
Q

Define atresia:

A

The congenital absence of a normal opening, or failure to develop the lumen of a tubular structure

40
Q

What is Oesophageal atresia?

A

The congenital failure of part of the lumen of the oesophagus to form
- Therefore part of oesophagus is not hollow

41
Q

Define dysplasia:

A

Enlargement of a tissue/organ via proliferation of abnormal cells

42
Q

Which cellular adaptation describes the enlargement of an organ via proliferation of abnormal cells?

A

Dysplasia

43
Q

List some triggers of chronic eczema:

A
  • Irritants
  • Allergens
  • Microbes
  • Temperature
  • Foods
  • Stress/hormones
44
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic eczema?

A

Dry, patchy, red, itchy skin

45
Q

List some triggers of psoriasis:

A
  • Stress
  • Excessive alcohol
  • Foods
  • Skin injury
  • Smoking
  • Hormone changes
  • Other immune disorders
  • Drugs ie ACEi, lithium, NSAIDS, beta blockers
46
Q

What are the symptoms of psoriasis?

A

Red, flaky, crusty plaques with overlying silvery scales

- commonly on scalp, knees and elbows

47
Q

Which skin condition causes red, flaky, crusty plaques with overlying silvery scales?

A

Psoriasis

48
Q

Describe how an iodine deficiency can cause goitre formation:

A
  • Iodine deficiency = less circulating T4
    = increased TSH release from anterior pituitary
    = TSH stimulates the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
    = hyperplasia of thyroid gland
49
Q

What protein is released by a benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia?

A

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

50
Q

Why does benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia cause chronic bladder outlet obstruction?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy/plasia occurs at the center of the prostate gland, which surrounds the urethra, increasing the pressure put on the urethra.

51
Q

Describe the metaplasia that occurs due to Barrett’s Oesophagus:

A

From non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia to simple columnar epithelia with goblet cells
- Becomes gastric epithelia

52
Q

What are the complications of Barrett’s oesophagus?

A
  • Increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma
  • Oesophageal ulcers
  • Oesophageal strictures
  • Bleeding
53
Q

What can cause myositis ossificans?

A
  • Trauma

- Inherited mutation (Autosomal dominant)

54
Q

What is Myositis ossificans?

A

The heterotopic ossification of muscle due to the metaplastic change of fibroblasts to osteoblasts.
- Due to trauma or inherited mutation

55
Q

What is the name of the disorder caused by the metaplasia of fibroblasts to osteoblasts?

A

Myositis ossificans

56
Q

What is the usual cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Excess oestrogen without progesterone

  • Oestogen-only-HRT
  • Tamoxifen
57
Q

What are the complications of endometrial hyperplasia?

A
  • Menorrhagia
  • Anaemia
  • Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma

ESA2 (27 decks)

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