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MS1: Conditions of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

most common arch problem of the foot

A

pes planus

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2
Q

describe flat foot

A

depressed or collapsed medial arch

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3
Q

describe physiologic flat foot in children

A

present sa children kase 3-5 yo pa nadedevelop medial arch

usual sha sa infants kase hypermobile pa koint - DOES NOT CAUSE DISABILITY

flexible sha

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4
Q

etiology of physiologic flat foot in children

A

unknown pero pwd fam history

joint laxity

or dahil may calcaneovalgus or mag lateral yung heel

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5
Q

associated findings of physiologic flat foot in children

A

valgus heel tas depressed medial arch

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6
Q

treatment of physiologic flat foot in children

A

non needed

reassure lng na by 3-5 mag akaka arch pag ala padin arch pad na yan

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7
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

associated with tight achilles or gastrconemius contracture

A

hypermobile flatfoot

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8
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

calcaneus is in equinus tas talus is pflex when child stands

A

hypermobile flatfoot

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9
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

most severe and serious

A

vertical talus

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10
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

plantar aspect is convex. heel valgus tas abducted forefoot; naka dflex pati

RIGID

A

vertical talus

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11
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

union ng tarsal bones usually talus at calcaneus

A

tarsal coalition

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12
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

most common non-nuerologic/muscular cause

A

tarsal coalition

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13
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

associated w cerebral palsy and spina bifida

A

tarsal coalition

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14
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

restricts subtalar motion and can cause pain

A

tarsal coalition

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15
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

during adolescence mga 10-13

A

tarsal coalition

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16
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

nawawala pag nag tip toe yung patient

A

hypermobile flatfoot

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17
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

atrophy yung foot pati calf

A

vertical talus

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18
Q

identify the type of pathologic pes planus in children

pain at subtalar joint tas contracture of PERONEALS

A

tarsal coalition

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19
Q

treatment ng hypermobile flatfoot

A

stretch achilles or surgical lengthening

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20
Q

treatment of vertical talus

A

surgery kung failed conservative

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21
Q

treatment of tarsal coalition

A

excision ng coalition

immob at NSAID

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22
Q

describe adult acquired flatfoot

A

progressive loss ng arch through age

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23
Q

most common cause of adult acquired flat foot

A

posterior tibial tendon disfunction

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24
Q

adult acquired flat foot causes

A

disfunction sa achilles

arthitis ma lax yung ligaments

charcot foot sa mga diabetic wala sila feeling so mali foot wear

trauma mag collapse talonavicular

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25
Q

why does adult acquired flat foot lead to medial knee pain

A

lat yung achilles ma abd yung foot so yung force sa medial side na ttransmit kaya pain sa medial knee

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26
Q

stage 1 adult acquired flat foot

A

medial ankle pain and swelling

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27
Q

stage 3 adult acquired flat foot

A

lateral pain with fixed valgus

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27
Q

stage 2 adult acquired flat foot

A

medial and lateral ankle pain tas inable to do single heel rise

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28
Q

t or f mas prone sa adult acquired flat foot ang may OA

A

true

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29
Q

symptoms ng adult acquired flat foot

A

pain and swell s ankle

tenderness s achilles

progression ng pes planus

rigid flat foot SA SEVERE

cant single heel rise

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30
Q

treatment of adult acquired flat foot

A

arch support talaga

NSAID wag mag steroids kase mas mag weaken lang yung muscles at tendon

surgical pag severe i fuse yung bones pero flat lakad n

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31
Q

describe claw foot

A

high longitudinal arch both medial and lateral

so ang nag ttouch s floor is forefoot at hindfoot lng

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32
Q

PE of pes cavus or claw foot

A

MTP is DFLEX

IP PFLEX

tas contracted yung plantar fascia and possible na shortened yung achilles

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33
Q

causes of claw foot

A

usually neuromuscular prob - polio ganun bast amag llead sa imbalance ng intrinsic at extrinsic msucles

cellulitis

RA

fracture w impaired blood supp

compartment syndrome

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34
Q

symtoms of claw foot

A

fatigue

callus sa toes kase natama sa shoe

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35
Q

treatment of claw foot

A

stretch yung plantar fascia and achilles

surgical kung mag fail conservative

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36
Q

describe osteochondritis

A

osteonecrosis ng epiphysis - CHILDTRN

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37
Q

types of osteochodritis

A

kohler’s

frieberg’s

sever’s

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38
Q

what bone is involved in kohler’s

A

navicular

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39
Q

when does kohler’s disease

A

4th-5th year

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40
Q

cause of kohler’s

A

trauma pwede pero UNKOWN

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41
Q

SSX of kohler’s

A

limp tas tender sa bandang navicular

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42
Q

treatment of kohlers

A

protect kase fragile bone so immob SLIGHT INVERT and good shoes

medial arch support

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43
Q

what is freiberg’s disease

A

avascular necrsosis pinaka common sa HEAD OF SECOND METATARSAL

more common sa ADUTS

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44
Q

SSX ng friebergs

A

unilateral pain worse pag mag walk

LOM sa MTP

tenderness

RICE LNG YAN

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45
Q

SSX ng friebergs

A

unilateral pain worse pag mag walk

LOM sa MTP

tenderness

RICE LNG YAN

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46
Q

what is severs disease

A

overuse injury sa calcaneus in growing child dahil sa pull ng achilles - MICROTRAUMA

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47
Q

most common cause of heel pain in children

A

sever’s disease

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48
Q

cause of sever’s

A

running and jumping sports sa mga bata

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49
Q

SSx of sever’s

A

pain in calcaneal area inc w activity or impact

stretch of achilles inc pain

warmth and swelling

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49
Q

SSx of sever’s

A

pain in calcaneal area inc w activity or impact

stretch of achilles inc pain

warmth and swelling

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50
Q

PE of severs

A

tight achilles tendon

positive squeeze test

pain sa heel

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51
Q

treatment of severs

A

self limiting with growth - mag cclose apohysis

avoind jump lng and running til mag close

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52
Q

most common MTP affected by gout

A

PODAGRA - 1st MTP

60%

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53
Q

what is gout

A

deposition of uric acid crystals sa joint from red meat at alcohol

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54
Q

SSX of gout

A

excrutiating pain, swelling tas redness

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55
Q

occurence of gout

A

hereditary

MIDDLE AGED MEN

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56
Q

where does interdigital neuroma commonly occur

A

USUALLY between 3rd AT 4th

tas 2nd at 3rd next

57
Q

cause of interdigital neuroma

A

thickening of common digital nerve sa bifurcation due to trauma

58
Q

treatment of interdigital neuroma

A

metatarsal arch support

stretching

excision sa nerve

59
Q

other name of stress fractures

A

march fracture of fatigue fracture

60
Q

other name for interdigital neuroma

A

mortons toe

61
Q

usually affected sa stress fracture

A

metatarsal shaft of 2nd or 3rd

62
Q

cause of stress fracture

A

prolonged unaccustomed standing or wrong stand

63
Q

treatment stress fracture

A

rest
tape
metatarsal arch pad

64
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

lateral angulation of toes tas medial dev of MTP

A

hallux valgus

65
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

more common

A

hallux valgus

66
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

hereditary tas contacture ng FHL at EHL

A

hallux valgus

67
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

has more problems

A

hallux valgus

68
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

medial angulation of toes

A

hallux varus

69
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

from trauma, infection or msucle imbalance

A

hallux varus

70
Q

identify if hallux valgus or hallux varus

affected yung ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS

A

hallux varus

71
Q

treatment of mild hallux valgus

A

sipit slipper tas over correction

72
Q

surgical treatment for hallux valgus

A

silver operation at keller/shcahnz

73
Q

silver operation

A

elongation of ligament sa EHL

74
Q

keller or schanz

A

resection of proximal half of 1st phalanx

MAS OK TOH

75
Q

treatment of hallux varus

A

surgical release of contracture

or osteotomy of metatarsal head and use 2ND EHB to correct allignment

76
Q

hammer or claw toe

affects single toe

A

hammer toe

77
Q

hammer or claw toe

all toe

78
Q

hammer or claw toe

MTP DFLEX
IP PFLEX

A

hammer toe

79
Q

hammer or claw toe

2nd toe most commonly affected

A

hammer toe

80
Q

hammer or claw toe

MTP HYPEREXTENSION
PIP AND DIP FLEX

81
Q

what is mallet toe

A

simple flexion contracture of DIP

82
Q

what is turf toe

A

sprain of 1st MTP joint sa plantar ligament

83
Q

causes of turf toe

A

forceful dorsiflexion tas minsan pflex din

84
Q

SSX of turf toe

A

pain and tenderness sa 1st MTP

pain worsened when moving MTP

LOM

85
Q

treatment of turf toe

A

RICE

taping

stiff soled shoes

86
Q

what is jones fracture

A

fracture ng diaphysis of 5th MTT

common s sprinters at runner

87
Q

cause of jone’s fracture

A

inversion and pflex injury

88
Q

SSX of jone’s fracture

A

pain on lateral aspect

tender sa 5th MTT

89
Q

treatment of jone’s fracture

A

NSAID

IMMOB FOR 6-8 WKS

screw fixation

90
Q

what is plantar fasciatis

A

overload ng mga muscles causing pain sa plantar fascia

91
Q

occurence of plantar fasciatis

A

equal men and women

MORE PAG
obese
weight bearing endurance activity
wrong foot wear
decreased DFLEX sa mga non athletes kase tight gastroc

92
Q

pathology of platar fasciatis

A

overuse so microtears sa plantar fascia

93
Q

1st line of treatment of plantar fasciatis

A

stretch ng plantar fascia at achilles
AIF wag steroid kase baka mag rupture lng

cushioned heel inserts, splint or cast 8-10 wks kung sever

94
Q

2nd line of treatment of plantar fasciatis

A

shock wave treatment pag more than 6 months n or chronic n

95
Q

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

compression ng tibial nerve

96
Q

causes of TTS

A

intrinsic - sa loob yung impingement so mga cyst, tumor

extrinsic - shoes, trauma, anatomic deformity, inflammation

97
Q

SSX of tarsal tunnel

A

pain sa talampakan in prolonged standing or walking

numbness and tingling

part of heel pain triad

98
Q

heel pain triad

A

posterior tibial tendon deficiency, plantar fasciatis and TTS

99
Q

treatment TTS

A

treat the specific cause

AIF and SSRI kung tightness or inflammed
bracing

surgical after 3-6 months of failed conservative

100
Q

what is haglunds deformity

A

excessive prominence sa posterosuperior ng calcaneus

COMMON SA ADULTS

101
Q

cause of haglunds deformity

A

chronic inflammation ng achilles bursa kase nag rrub yung heel sa shoe

gout or previous trauma

pangit n footwear

101
Q

SSX of haglunds deformity

A

pain on posterior heel

skin irritation or erythema

bursitis

102
Q

treatment of haglunds deformity

A

ICE, heel lift or open shoe

NSAID or steroids

surgical - tanggal ng bony prominence or bursitis

103
Q

what is Os trigonum

A

failure of lateral tubercle to unite with talus kaya ma iimpinge oag nag PFLEX

104
Q

occurence of Os trigonum

A

11-13 pag boys
8-10 pag boys

10% of patients

105
Q

causes of Os trigonum congenital

A

separations of lateral tubercle to talus bc of microtrauma during development

106
Q

causes of Os trigonum acquired

A

from fracture na di nag unite

sa athletes na lagi PFLEX - gymnast, ice skater, baller, dance, soccre

107
Q

SSx of Os trigonum

A

pain on posterolateral ankle kase impinge bet post tibial at calcaneus

pain posteromedial kase FH tendinitis

108
Q

treatment of Os trigonum

A

rest at NSAID

surgery

109
Q

cause of achilles tendon rupture

A

disruption of achilles tendon due to degeneration or repeated microtrauma

sa bandang calcaneus or gastroc

110
Q

risk factors of achilles tendon rupture

A

achilles tendinitis

lagi nag tiptoe

use of steroids tas may huglunds

gout

111
Q

classification of achilles tendon rupture

A

acute

chronic - delayed of 2 months or 3 months

112
Q

SSx of achilles tendon rupture

A

painful pop

weak PFLEX

+ simons

+ thomsons

113
Q

what is simons test

A

positive pag may palpable defect sa tendon

114
Q

at is thomsons test

A

squeezing calf muscle does not result in PFLEX

115
Q

treatment of achilles tendon rupture

A

cast in PFLEX kung partial tear lng

surgical reconstruction for chronic

116
Q

complications of achilles tendon rupture

A

higher re-rupture rate

incomplete return of function

infection and wound dehiscence

117
Q

what mechanism of ankle sprain is more common (invert/evert)

A

inversion - lateral ligaments

118
Q

what type of ankle sprain is more common

A

low ankle sprain - > 90%

119
Q

compare high and low ankle sprain

A

high - less common AKA SYNDESMOSIS from TWISTING

low - invert/evert; ATFL CFL

120
Q

most commonly involved ligament ligament in low ankle sprains

A

ATFL

2nd yung CFL

least PTFL

121
Q

mechanism of ATFL sprain

A

PFLEX and INVERSION

+ drawer’s

122
Q

mechanism of CFL sprain

A

DFLEX ANF INVERSION

+ drawer’s

123
Q

SSx of ankle sprain

A

pain in WB

instability

catching or popping sa recurrent

tender and swell lig

anterior drawer ttest

124
Q

how is drawer’s test done

A

place sa 10-15 def PFLEX tas translate rear foot anteriorly

positive pag nag translate forward yung foot

di pwd sa acute kase baka mapunit

125
Q

position of drawers test if ATFL

126
Q

position of drawers test if CFL

127
Q

what is talar tilt test

A

invert ankle from neutral

pag lax or may pain + injury to ATFL and CFL

128
Q

grade 1 low ankle sprain

A

no ligament tear

minimal swelling

normal pain with WB

129
Q

grade 2 low ankle sprain

A

stretch w/o tear

moderate swelling

mild pain w WB

130
Q

grade 3 low ankle sprain

A

complete tear

severe swelling

severe pain w WB

131
Q

treatment for mild low ankle sprain

A

immob WB for 1 wk ; early mob

pag wala na sweeling and FROM na pwede na mag neuromuscular training; PERONEAL MUSCLES

132
Q

patophysiology of high ankle sprain

A

foot planted tas ER

133
Q

affected ligaments of syndesmosis ankle sprain

A

AITFL and PITFL tas interosseous membrane

134
Q

strongest component of synedesmosis

135
Q

SSx of syndesmosis ankle sprain

A

pain proximal to AITFL

medial tenderness tas difficult WB

syndesmosis tenderness or + squeeze test

136
Q

what is squeeze test

A

compress midway up the calf

+ if may pain

137
Q

nonop treatment of syndemosis ankle sprain

A

non WB boot for 2-3 wks

138
Q

op treatment of syndemosis ankle sprain

A

screw fixation

139
Q

phase 1 of syndesmosis ankle sprain

A

non WB, CAM BOOT

gentle manual resistance

140
Q

phase 2 of syndesmosis ankle sprain

A

protected WB crutches

continue motion and resistance excercises

141
Q

phase 3 of syndesmosis ankle sprain

A

WB as tolerated

functional excercises

sport specific drills

brace and taping for return to sport

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