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Pathology Exam 1 > MS: Fractures > Flashcards

MS: Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

what is the percentage of injuries in U.S are MS?

A

50%

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2
Q

Why do females have double the rate of injury during ovulation?

A

increased estrogen levels

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3
Q

Female vs. Male strentgh training info

A

males gain two times faster but lose two times faster

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4
Q

What type of connective tissue makes up MS system?

A

bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia

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5
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone?

A

mid shaft

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6
Q

What is the metaphysis of the bone?

A

flared portion at distal end

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7
Q

What is the physis of the bone?

A

growth plate, important in young kids

x-ray can show if plate is fused which means maturing is complete

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8
Q

What is the epiphysis of the bone?

A

adjacent to physis and and most distal

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9
Q

what part of the bone is covered by articular cartilage?

A

epiphysis

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10
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

cells the make bone

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11
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

break down boneand release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood

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12
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

maintain the bone

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13
Q

What is a fracture?

A

a breakdown or defect in bone continuity

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14
Q

What is a trasnverse fracture?

A

a clean break, easiest to heal

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15
Q

what is a spiral fracture?

A

when torque or rotating force is applied to axis of bone

more surface area for site of fracture

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16
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

A fracture in which the line of break runs obliquely to the axis of the bone.

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17
Q

what is a comminated fracture?

A

A fracture in which a bone is broken, splintered, or crushed into a number of pieces.

always a trauma associated with this

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18
Q

What is a segmental fracture?

A

a bone break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body of a fractured bone. The ends of the fragments may pierce the skin, as in an open fracture, or may be contained within the skin, as in a closed fracture.

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19
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

A fracture occurring when a joint capsule, ligament, tendon, or muscle is pulled from a bone, taking with it a fragment of the bone to which it was attached.

20
Q

What is an impacted fracture?

A

A bone fracture in which one of the fragments is driven into another fragment.

21
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

A fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent

common in kids potentially child abuse b/c bone is young and doesn’t break clean

22
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

impaction of bone

seen in vertebrae due to vertebral body collapsing, common in osteoporosis due to minerlization

23
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

fx through bone weakened by disease or or tumor

ex) lung, breasts and colon cancer

24
Q

What is an intra-articular fracutre?

A

fx line crossed articular cartilage and enters joint

the joint is now architecturally changed

25
Q

What is a non-displaced vs displaced fracture?

A

NP: bone is still in alignment (easier to treat)

D: a traumatic bone break in which two ends of a fractured bone are separated and out of their normal positions.

26
Q

What is an angulated fracture?

A

fragments are maligned

27
Q

What is a boyonetted displacement?

A

distal fragment longitudinally overlaps the proximal fragment

28
Q

What is a distracted displacement?

A

distal fragment seperated from proximal fragment by a gap

29
Q

Why is a road burn still considered an open fracture?

A

b/c the skin is opened near the trauma

30
Q

What is a Salter Harris classification?

A

fracture to the epiphysial plate

usually in girls u16 boys u 21

could lead to bone growth discrepency

31
Q

What is an exotosis fracture?

A

is the formation of new bone on the surface of a bone, because of excess calcium forming.

32
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

long term stress to bone due to microtraumas

bone growth due to pressure

33
Q

what is a stress fracture?

A

is a fatigue-induced fracture of the bone caused by repeated stress over time.

34
Q

What are risk factors for a fracture?

A

smoking, diabetes, poor blood pressure, nutrition

35
Q

Physical examination for fracure?

A

common signs of inflammation: redness, tenderness, possible deformity

eval the skin, stability of jts, functions of nerves/vessels distal to site of injury

tend to open lacerations as it is open fracture

36
Q

What is the order for diagnostic tests?

A
  1. Xray

2. MRI - gold standard for stress fracture due to visible vascularity and bone density

37
Q

What bones are common for undetected stress fx?

A

navicular, ribs and schapoid due to poor blood supply

usually pt will experience strong pain 1-4 weeks after injury

38
Q

What is first step in fracture healing?

A

hematoma- a fibrin mesh forms as a base for healing

39
Q

What is procallus formation?

A

second step in fracture healing where fibroblasts, capillary beds and osteoblasts move into wound

40
Q

What is callus replacement?

A

osteoblasts replace callus with trabecular or lamellar bone

41
Q

What are possible adverse outcomes to healing?

A

delayed union- healing slower than normal (infection? etc.)

nonunion- failure of healing (lack of blood flow?)

malunion- healing with unacceptable deformity (massive trauma?)

limb function may be affected- contracture, swelling

42
Q

What is prognosis for PT and fractures?

A

6 weeks in cast roughly 6 weeks of PT

43
Q

Prognosis for healing?

A

children- 4-6 weeks

adolescents- 6-8 weeks

adults- 10-18 weeks

44
Q

Negative predictors for healing?

A

renal or vascular insufficiency- electrolyte or homeostasis imbalance

smoking, alcohlosim, diabetes (even if properly managed)

can increase healing by 50%

45
Q

PT implications acute post cast?

A

swelling reduction, restore mvmt

skin integrity+ mobility—–PRICE

46
Q

PT implications subacute?

A

after 2 weeks restore mvmt, add strength

47
Q

PT implications chronic?

A

functional activities

Pathology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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