Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology Exam 1 > Hematology Pathology > Flashcards

Hematology Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Blood

A
  1. delivery and transport of substances for cell metabolism (o2, CO2, electrolytes)
  2. defense against microorganisms and injury (clotting and immune elements)
  3. maintain acid-base balance (7.4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Component definition

A

55%- plasma (clotting factors, albumin/proteins, electrolytes)

45% cellular component- RBC, WBC, platelets (not real cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a CBC?

A

complete blood count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is crow’s foot?

A

left- WBC

middle- hemoglobin and hemotacrit

right- platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of RBC?

A

carries hemoglobin, biconcave shape for ability to fold onself and move through small spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lifespan of RBC?

A

about 120 days, removed by spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RBC count

A

number of RBC in PCV( packed cell volume)

normal count- male- 4.7-6.1 million/ml
female- 4.2-5.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percent of RBC given in a given volume of whole blood

normal values- male 37-49%
female 36-46%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is MCV?

A

mean corpuscular volume, average volume of 1 RBC

reference range- 80-100 fl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reticulocytes

A

slightly immature form of RBC, most likely result of bone marrow failure, BM pumping out RBC at higher rate than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of hemoglobin

A

transports O2 and CO2

Hgb and Hct rise or fall together, Hgb is 1/3 of HCT

normal values- male 14-18 g/dl
female 12-16g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Effects of low hemoglobin?

A

pt feels tired, dizzy, low aerobic capacity or endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is MCH?

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin, amount of Hgb carried on 1 RBC

27-33 picograms/cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is MCHC?

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

percentage of Hgb carried on 1 RBC

range 33-36 g/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is ESR?

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate, measure of how fast the RBC sink to bottom of a solution

non-specific test for inflammation and inflammatory response

male 0-17 mm/hr
female- 1-25 mm/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is anemia?

A

reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

decreased Hct and RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three ways to describe anemia?

A
  1. etiology- decreased RBC production, maturation or destruction
  2. color- hypochromatic- less red
    normochromatic- normal
  3. size (most common way to describe)- microcytic, normacytic, macrocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hemorrhagic Anemia

A

rapid loss of blood flow due to- surgery, trauma, rupture

normocytic and normochromatic
- decreased RBC/Hgb and MCV

symptoms- dizzy, hypotension, tachycardia, possible death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

decreased RBC production due to bone marrow dysfunction or damage

normalcytic and normochromatic
- decreased RBC/Hgb and normal MCV

symptoms- easy bruising, bleeding and fatigue etc.

treatment- treat bone marrow dysfunction

20
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

normalcytic and normochromatic

RBC are being broken down too quickly

RBC can be destroyed intravascular by immune system, enzymes or oxidation

extravascular- removed by spleen or liver prematurely

can be inherited or acquired

symptoms- fatigue, weakness, ictaris (jaundice)

21
Q

Other causes of normalcytic anemia?

A

chronic blood loss (slow GI bleed)

renal failure- low EPO level, EPO stimulates bone marrow to make RBC

22
Q

Iron Deficient Anemia

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia, most common in world

loss or lack of iron decreases amount available for RBC/ Hgb production

symptoms- pica (craving dirt for iron), fatigue etc.

23
Q

Thallasemenia

A

associated with ethnicity- greeks, italians, AA, ameican indians, Asian

decreased Hgb production, usually mild

24
Q

Vitamin B12 Anemia

A

decreased level of VB12 leads to production of larger RBC

classified as macrocytic and normachromatic
- increased MCV decreased RBC/Hgb

most commonly from poor absorption of B12 in gut, genetics, vegans

symptoms- anorexia, loss of proprioception/vibration, ataxia

25
Q

Folic Acid Anemia

A

same as B12 with no neurological symptoms

26
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

abnormal form of Hgb produced

cresent shaped cells unable to pass through smaller vessels

leads to clogged vessels, hypoxia distally, pain, tissue organ damage

27
Q

PT implications for anemia

A

generally a yellow flag,

will affect aerobic capacity/endurance

28
Q

Polycythemia

A

body is naturally producing more RBC, caused by normal reaction to hypoxia, abnormally elevated EPO, or abnormal stem cells

PMH: high altitude living, smoking, cyanotic heart disease

apparent polycythemia is caused by dehydration

29
Q

Leukocytes

A

aka White blood cells

defender against organism that cause infection
phagocytosis- eat of pathogen

normal level- 5000-10000 leukocytes “left shift of CBC”

30
Q

Neutrophils

A

most numerous of WBC (55% of WBC)

responsible for management of bacterial infection, chief phagocytes in early inflammation

31
Q

Eosinophils

A

less common WBC 1-4%

mainly for parasitic management

increased in allergy/asthma

32
Q

Agranulocytes

A

powerful phagocytes, three major groups

  1. monocytes- initiators of the inflammatory repsonse
  2. lymphocytes- large part of WBC 36%, major ones at Tcells and BCells
  3. NK cells (natural killer cells)- attack cells infected by virus w/o prior exposure 5-10% WBC
33
Q

Causes of low WBC production

A

Drugs, infection (overwhelming), bone marrow failure, nutritional deficiency

34
Q

Leukopenia

A

decrease in total WBC count leads to neutropenia- decrease in bacterial infection fighting cells- less than 1000 neutrophils

less than 500- pt cant control growth of own bacterial flora

less than 200- essentially no inflammatory process

35
Q

What things suppress bone marrow

A

Drugs- chemo, chloramphenicol, siezure meds

infections- parovirus, EBV (mono), HIV, Hepatitis

other- radiation, nutrition

36
Q

Causes of neutrophilia

A

high neutrophil count

  • bacterial infection, inflammation, tissue necrosis
37
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis

A

viral infections, pertussis, hep, TB

38
Q

PT implications of WBC disorders

A

yellow flag for pts who are leukopenic

try to avoid patients who neutrophil count is less than 1000 bc these patients are immunocompromised

39
Q

Function of platelets

A

disc shaped fragments- not cell bc they have no nucleus or DNA

responsible for clotting cascade, made in BM

1/3 to spleen, 2/3 to circulatory system

40
Q

Values to know for Platelets

A

normal 150,000-400,000

life span 7-10 days

less than 50,000 increased risk of bleeding with trauma

less than 10-20000 increases risk of spontaneous bleeding

41
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

too few platelets usually immune mediated

other causes:infection, drugs, alcohol, nutrition, BM

42
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

too many platelets, value greater than 500,000

caused by chronic inflammation or infection, solid tumors, splenectomy (removal or natural ability to remove platelets)

pts are at risk for increased clotting or DVT

43
Q

Clotting Factor tests

A
  1. Phrothrombin time (PT) how long does it take for blood to clot in normal solution RR: 12-15 seconds
  2. Partial Prothromboplastin time (PTT)- another measure of how long blood clots RR: 30-40 sec
  3. International Normalized Ration (INR)- test for pts on anticoagulants RR: 0.9-1.1
44
Q

What is most common cause of platelet dysfunction?

A

acetacylic acid aka aspirin, irreversibly inhibits platelet pool for 10 days w/ single dose

45
Q

Iatrongenic acquired

A

too much anticoagulant Warfarin or heparin

46
Q

Indications for anti platelet therapy

A

TIA, CVA prevention

angina, MI prevention

peripehral vascular disease

47
Q

PT Implications

A

be cautious with pts w/ DVT avoid pulmonary embolism

platelet count less than 50000

enlarged spleen- painful to palpation and during trasnfers

on anticoagulants

Pathology Exam 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions