Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology Exam 1 > MS: Disorders of Bone > Flashcards

MS: Disorders of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are metabolic bone diseases?

A

osteoporosis and osteomalacia

bone is not strong as it should be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an infectious bone disease?

A

osteomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a viability of bone disease?

A

osteonecrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the definition of osteoporosis?

A

a multifactoral skeletal disorder that leads to decreased bone density and organization, which leads to reduced bone strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are osteoporosis and osteopenia based off of?

A

bone mineral density or BMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cut off levels for BMD?

A

normal- within 1 SD

osteopenia- within 1-2.5 SD

osteoporosis- more than 2.5 SD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many people are affected by osteoporosis?

A

10 million diagnosed, 18 mill undiagnosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the non modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

age- over 50

female, genetics, caucasian/Northern European

long periods of immobilization

arthropometric- small stature, thin build

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are additional risk factors for osteopo?

A

hormonal- early menopause, absence of menses

dietary- low calcium, excess sodium, high caffine?

lifestyle- sedentary, smoking, alcohol

Concurrent illness- RA, CVA, parkinsons, spinal cord injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What endocrine disorders can be risk factors?

A

hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, male hypogonadism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What medications can be risk factors for osteopo?

A

if taken longer than 6 months

corticosteroids- pt feels better but bone weak as it strips bone of Ca+

immunosuppressants, anticoagulants

antacids with aluminum- AL replaces Ca in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organic compound is scaffold for bone?

A

collagen contributes to bones flexibility and tensile strength

resist twisting and stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What inorganic compound?

A

calcium phosphate gives bone hardness which resists compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What two things equal bone strength?

A

bone quality and bone density (BMD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are prime years for bone deposition?

A

birth to 30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two hormones are important in bone health

A

parathyroid hormone and Calcatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is PTH?

A

in early osteoporosis HYPER-PTH will remove Ca from bone in put into bloodstream

activates osteoclasts to break down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why calcitonin?

A

coming from thyroid gland it will counteract PTH

leads to building of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What vitamin is important for bone growth?

A

Vitamin D

allows for reabsorption of Ca through small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is Wolff’s law so important to osteoporosis prevention or healing?

A

bone grows and remodels in response

it is important as PT to walk a fine line between good stress and bad stress

21
Q

What two ways can stress be provided?

A

Gravity- weight bearing

muscle pull- activity or exercise

22
Q

So why does osteoporosis occur?

A
  1. low calcium and possibly magnesium intake
  2. decreased estrogen- decreases sensitivity of osteoclasts to PTH
  3. inactivity- wolff’s law
  4. smoking- tobacco has anti estrogen effect leading to bone resorption
  5. Diet high in phosphorus- same affect as AL
23
Q

What are clinical manifestations of osteoporosis?

A

often silent- major problem

usually discovered with fx ( femur, humerus, vertebrae, distal radius)

can cause radicular symptoms due to bone collaspe

24
Q

How to diagnose osteopo?

A

Bone density measures

  1. dual energy xray
  2. ultrasound
  3. CT scan- sees bone better than MRI and Xray
  4. lab tests- calcium levels, phosphate
25
Q

What is an osteoporotic posture?

A

kyphosis in Thoracic region

weight moves to anterior portion of IV discs bc thinner

head moves forward to compensate with can shut off blood flow to brain (OTN)

26
Q

How to manage osteoporosis?

A

reduce risk factors, nutrition is huge (calcium and magnesium)

27
Q

PT management of osteopo?

A

education

exercise- wolffs law balance

focus on back extensors for posture

28
Q

What type of medications can be used for osteopo?

A
  1. bisphosphonates
  2. hormone replacement therapy
  3. calcitonin
29
Q

What is osteomalacia and rickets?

A

disorder where there is insufficient mineralization of bone matrix, resulting from calcium or phosphate deficiency

rickets- bowed femurs

30
Q

Risk factors for osteomalacia and rickets?

A

lack of vitamin D

this leads to hypocalcemia which will then activate increased PTH secretion taking Ca out of bone

31
Q

Clinical Manifestations of osteomalacia and rickets?

A

bone pain and tenderness, softening of cranium in children, proximal myopathy (waddling gait due to weak glute med and max

32
Q

Management of osteomalacia and rickets?

A

address cause, increased vitamin D and calcium

PT- joint protection, progressive loads, positioning

33
Q

What is osteomyelitis? (OM)

A

mostly a bacterial infection of bone- Staph aureus most common

can be viral, parasitic or fungal but less common

34
Q

What are two types of OM?

A

exogenous and endogenous (hematogenous)

35
Q

What is exogenous OM?

A

occurs from outside of body (cut in skin, surgery, open fracture)

soft tissue to bone

36
Q

What is endogenous OM?

A

occurs from inside body and is harder to diagnose

from ear infection etc.

37
Q

What is acute OM?

A

looks very inflammed

either exo or endo with infection lasting less than one month

38
Q

What is chronic OM?

A

low level infection, usually an extension from acute case, last more than 4 weeks

39
Q

Pathophysiology of OM?

A

if invading pathogen is in bone then there is an inflammation response in bone

this can cause part of bone to be cut off from blood supply

can lead to necrosis of bone if infection not caught and treated in time

40
Q

Clinical manifestations of OM?

A

warmth, swelling, tenderness, delayed pain

fever present in more endogenous OM

infection will go from local to systemic effects as time goes on

41
Q

Diagnosis of OM?

A

Lab values of WBC count, imagining

42
Q

Treatment of OM?

A

acute- antibiotics

chronic- cut bad part of bone out, hyberbaric chamber to help fight infection

43
Q

PT implications?

A

universal precautions, clarify WB precautions, use vitals and lab results to guide exercise progression

44
Q

What is osteonecrosis? (ON)

A

death of bony tissue as result of lack of blood supply

common in 20-50 year olds

45
Q

Common sites for ON?

A 
femoral head ( Bo jackson)
scaphoid, talar dome, lunate, proximal humerus
46
Q

Pathogenesis of ON?

A

compromise of precarious blood supply

causes flattening collapse of femoral head, common to be bilateral and with repeated traumas

47
Q

Causes of ON?

A

idiopathic- genetic

trauma- sports?

associated with steroid use and high alcohol intake

sickle cell anemia- cuts off blood flow to distal areas

48
Q

Clinical manifestations of ON?

A

pain, loss of motion, painful or antalgic gait, degenerative changes

49
Q

Intervention of ON?

A

activity modification

surgical- create microtraumas or total joint replacement to increase blood flow to joint

Pathology Exam 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions