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Pathology Exam 1 > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of endocrine system

A
  1. stimulation of growth and development during childhood and adolescence
  2. coordination of m/f reproductive system
  3. maintaining of homeostasis
  4. initiation of corrective and adaptive responses to emergency demands on the body “fight or flight”
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2
Q

Is this a slow or fast regulator?

A

a slow regulator due to the use of hormones, combines with neuro system (fast via nevres) to control every physiological function of body

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3
Q

What does it mean that the endocrine system works in a negative feedback loop?

A

In negative feedback, any change or deviation from the normal range of function is opposed, or resisted.

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

located at base of brain it controls the release of hormones from pituitary gland

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5
Q

What hormones get released from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

What is ADH?

A

anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin, controls plasma osmolarity, goes to kidneys

two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels
regulation of salts, water and glucose in blood

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7
Q

Oxytocin?

A

used to start child labor
women: controls milk ejection and uterine contraction

men: sperm motility
both: anti-diuretic controlling osmolarity

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8
Q

What hormones go to anterior pituitary?

A

hormones going to target organs

ex) TSH, PRL, FSH, LH, GH and ACTH

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9
Q

TSH?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone to thyroid gland

function: stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body

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10
Q

PRL?

A

prolactin goes to mammary glands

function:is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk

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11
Q

FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone to ovaries and testes

function: FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body

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12
Q

GH?

A

growth hormone to liver and adipose tissue

function: is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans

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13
Q

ACTH?

A

adrenocoticotropic to adrenal glands

function: Its principal effects are increased production and release of cortisol.

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14
Q

What is pituitary gland?

A

attaches to end of hypothalamus and sits in sella turcica (sphenoid bone)

synthesized hormones are stored and secreted here

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15
Q

What are target organs of body?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenals glands, ovaries, testes

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16
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

the thermostat of body located in neck around larynx, 2 lobes on either side of trachea

controls rate of metabolism throughout body, controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones.

if thyroid up, metab up, temp up

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17
Q

What is TH?

A

thyroid hormone

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18
Q

How is TH synthesized?

A

if cold, stressed or decreased thyroxine the hypothalamus will release TRH to pituitary, stimulation of TRH will stimulate release of TH

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19
Q

Function of TH?

A

growth and maturation

regulate metabolism and thus heat production of O2 consumption

affects organs at small lvl if functions are off

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20
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

2-6 glands located on thyroid gland

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21
Q

Function of parathyroid gland

A

to produce parathyroid hormone

function of hormone: regulates calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown and reabsorption of bone (impt for MS system)

stimulates the synthesis of vitamin D in the kidney and liver

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22
Q

Pancreas?

A

located behind stomach between spleen and duodenum

fnx: regulates carb metabolism throughout body via insulin and glucagon secretions

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23
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

on top of kidneys, apex and medulla

secreting steroid hormones

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24
Q

what are effects of glucocoticoids?

A

metabolic, anti-inflammatory, growth supressing

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25
Metabolic effects of steroid hormones?
increase blood glucose concentrations stimulates breakdown of proteins
26
immune effects of steroid hormones?
depress number of lymphocytes, promote macrophages and suppress anti-inflammatory mediators used a lot after transplants
27
What is the most common steroid hormone released?
Cortisol. released in response to stress and low glucose levels
28
What are two other adrenal hormones?
aldosterone and catecholamines
29
What is aldosterone?
promotes sodium retention and potassium loss and increases BP
30
What are catecholamines?
fight or flight hormones 1. epinepherine- binds to alpha (heart/arteries) and beta (lung) receptors to increase HR and cardiac output as well as getting O2 to muscle tissue 2. norepinepherine- binds to alpha receptors, vasoconstrictor to increase BP
31
what are endocrine disorders?
the target organ is either getting too much or too little of hormone primary- actual target order dysfunction secondary- something acting on target organ for dysfunction
32
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
excessive secretion of ADH, leads to increased water re- absorption and electrolyte imbalance, too much fluid in kidneys and not in blood
33
Causes of SIADH?
pituitary damage- surgery, tumor, stress drug induced (gets rid of excess fluid)- morphine, diuretics lung disease- increased ADH in response to hypoxia
34
Signs and Symptoms of SIADH
confusion, increased BP, edema treat underlying cause and normalize electrolytes PT consid: manage edema, monitor vitals
35
Diabetes Insipidus
too little ADH leads to polyuria (frequent urination) and poyldipsa extreme thirst kidneys getting rid of too much fluid
36
Types of DI
1. neurologic- most common, low ADH due to trauma or lesion 2. nephrogenic- inadequate renal response from ADH 3. psychogenic- compulsive water drinking
37
Signs and Symptoms of DI
weight loss, hyperatremia, hypotension PT: watch VS closely as susceptible to OTN
38
Hypopituitarism
caused by pituitary cell death (trauma, surgery, infarction) results in loss of one, several or all anterior pituitary hormones most common: dwarfism from lack of GH
39
Pituitary adenoma
benign slow growing tumor in anterior pituitary gland, 22% have but is asymptomatic can produce either hypo or hyper secretion most common hypo of GH can affect trigeminal, abducens trochlear nerves, hypothalamus
40
Hyper secretion of GH
gigantism in kids, acromegaly in adults most common cause is pituitary adenoma signs and sx: enlarged hands or feet, sleep apnea, HTN, DM type 2, increased sweat gland function, jt pain
41
Medical Management of Gigantism
pharmacological suppression, removal of tumor PT concede:increased thoracic and lumbar pain, nerve compression promote maximum mobility, strength and function
42
Prolactinoma
hyper secretion of prolactin caused by pit. adenoma in females: lactation when not needed, hair growth, irregular menses, osteoporosis from low estrogen in males: enlarged testes, ED, usually found much later as symptoms usually related to actual tumor
43
What is thyroiditis?
viral infection of the thyroid gland common with postpartum sx: fever, high WBC, malaise, painful goiter may result in hypo or hyper thyroidism usually treated with steroids
44
What is Graves disease?
an autoimmune disease most common with hyperthyroidism, women more than male multi system disease- eyes and skin affected
45
What is goiter?
enlarged thyroid gland due to increased TSH can block airways esp if pt has respiratory disease
46
Signs and symptoms of Graves
weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance (thermo stat already high), weakness, tachycardia can uses radioactive iodine treatment to slow down release of TSH
47
PT considerations of Hyperthyroidism
monitor vitals (always running on high) therefore low anaerobic and endurance are heat intolerant watch climate of exercise area myopathy- proximal muscle weakness impaired nutrition therefore usually fatigue
48
What is thyroid storm?
dangerous worsening of hyperthyroid state, rapid and excessive release of TH extremely rare but deadly within 48 hours caused by untreated or partially treated hyperthyroidism subjected to outside stress
49
Signs and Sx of thyroid storm
tachycardia, delirium, dehydration, diarrhea, high fever treatment- drugs to reduce TSH production and drop TH levels
50
Hypothyroidism
primary- insufficient TH from thyroid secondary- insufficient TSH from anterior pituitary resulting in decreased TH
51
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
autoimmune thryroiditis lymphocytes and anti thyroid antibodies destroying thyroid gland SX: slow onset, lethargy, cold intolerant, low body temp, constipation, bradycardia Treatment: TH replacement with Levothyroxine
52
What are parathyroid disease?
usually involved in bone health hyperparathyroid--increased secretion of PTH primary- increased PTH by one or more parathy gland leads to too much calcium secondary- increased PTH due to chronic disease state anything that causes low calcium (renal failure)
53
Signs and SX of hyperparathyroid
increased bone reabsorption, hypercalcemia (Ca+ out of blood into bone), ab pain, weakness, impaired memory, HTN treatment: removal of offending glands PT goals: osteo prevention, monitor vitals, strengthening
54
Hypoparathyroid
abnormally low PTH levels, most common after thyroid cancer surgery sx: can affect nerve impulse and muscle excitation decrease active vitamin D which leads to lower Ca+ (hyperphosphatemia) treatment: resolve hypocalcemia
55
What are some adrenal gland dysfunctions?
Adrenal hyper function: Cushing's disease hypofunction: addisons
56
What is Cushing disease?
excess of cortisol secretion most likely as a result of too much ACTH as result of pituitary adenoma SX: hypers and humps, fragile skin, poor wound healing, mental status change PT: wound care, strengthening/ oust prevention, vitals, promote aerobic conditioning
57
Hypocortisolism
Addison's (primary), rare occurs in adults 30-60 autoimmune where there is decreased adrenal cortex function increased ACTH but glands are unable to produce cortisol and aldosterone
58
Secondary hypocortisolism
low cortisol and aldosterone levels from low ACTH results in adrenal atrophy
59
Signs and Sx of hypocort(1st and 2nd)
weakness, fatigue weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, OTN hyperpigmentation- only in Addison's
60
What is pheochromocytoma?
a rare tumor found in adrenal medulla hyper secretion of catecholamines- always on fight or flight SX: HTN, sweating, tachycardia Treat- remove tumor

Pathology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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