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Pathology Exam 1 > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of endocrine system

A
  1. stimulation of growth and development during childhood and adolescence
  2. coordination of m/f reproductive system
  3. maintaining of homeostasis
  4. initiation of corrective and adaptive responses to emergency demands on the body “fight or flight”
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2
Q

Is this a slow or fast regulator?

A

a slow regulator due to the use of hormones, combines with neuro system (fast via nevres) to control every physiological function of body

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3
Q

What does it mean that the endocrine system works in a negative feedback loop?

A

In negative feedback, any change or deviation from the normal range of function is opposed, or resisted.

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4
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

located at base of brain it controls the release of hormones from pituitary gland

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5
Q

What hormones get released from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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6
Q

What is ADH?

A

anti diuretic hormone or vasopressin, controls plasma osmolarity, goes to kidneys

two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels
regulation of salts, water and glucose in blood

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7
Q

Oxytocin?

A

used to start child labor
women: controls milk ejection and uterine contraction

men: sperm motility
both: anti-diuretic controlling osmolarity

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8
Q

What hormones go to anterior pituitary?

A

hormones going to target organs

ex) TSH, PRL, FSH, LH, GH and ACTH

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9
Q

TSH?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone to thyroid gland

function: stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body

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10
Q

PRL?

A

prolactin goes to mammary glands

function:is a protein that in humans is best known for its role in enabling female mammals to produce milk

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11
Q

FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone to ovaries and testes

function: FSH regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of the body

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12
Q

GH?

A

growth hormone to liver and adipose tissue

function: is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans

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13
Q

ACTH?

A

adrenocoticotropic to adrenal glands

function: Its principal effects are increased production and release of cortisol.

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14
Q

What is pituitary gland?

A

attaches to end of hypothalamus and sits in sella turcica (sphenoid bone)

synthesized hormones are stored and secreted here

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15
Q

What are target organs of body?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenals glands, ovaries, testes

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16
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

the thermostat of body located in neck around larynx, 2 lobes on either side of trachea

controls rate of metabolism throughout body, controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones.

if thyroid up, metab up, temp up

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17
Q

What is TH?

A

thyroid hormone

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18
Q

How is TH synthesized?

A

if cold, stressed or decreased thyroxine the hypothalamus will release TRH to pituitary, stimulation of TRH will stimulate release of TH

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19
Q

Function of TH?

A

growth and maturation

regulate metabolism and thus heat production of O2 consumption

affects organs at small lvl if functions are off

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20
Q

What is the parathyroid gland?

A

2-6 glands located on thyroid gland

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21
Q

Function of parathyroid gland

A

to produce parathyroid hormone

function of hormone: regulates calcium levels by stimulating the breakdown and reabsorption of bone (impt for MS system)

stimulates the synthesis of vitamin D in the kidney and liver

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22
Q

Pancreas?

A

located behind stomach between spleen and duodenum

fnx: regulates carb metabolism throughout body via insulin and glucagon secretions

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23
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

on top of kidneys, apex and medulla

secreting steroid hormones

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24
Q

what are effects of glucocoticoids?

A

metabolic, anti-inflammatory, growth supressing

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25
Q

Metabolic effects of steroid hormones?

A

increase blood glucose concentrations

stimulates breakdown of proteins

26
Q

immune effects of steroid hormones?

A

depress number of lymphocytes, promote macrophages and suppress anti-inflammatory mediators

used a lot after transplants

27
Q

What is the most common steroid hormone released?

A

Cortisol. released in response to stress and low glucose levels

28
Q

What are two other adrenal hormones?

A

aldosterone and catecholamines

29
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

promotes sodium retention and potassium loss and increases BP

30
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

fight or flight hormones

  1. epinepherine- binds to alpha (heart/arteries) and beta (lung) receptors to increase HR and cardiac output as well as getting O2 to muscle tissue
  2. norepinepherine- binds to alpha receptors, vasoconstrictor to increase BP
31
Q

what are endocrine disorders?

A

the target organ is either getting too much or too little of hormone

primary- actual target order dysfunction
secondary- something acting on target organ for dysfunction

32
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion

A

excessive secretion of ADH, leads to increased water re- absorption and electrolyte imbalance, too much fluid in kidneys and not in blood

33
Q

Causes of SIADH?

A

pituitary damage- surgery, tumor, stress

drug induced (gets rid of excess fluid)- morphine, diuretics

lung disease- increased ADH in response to hypoxia

34
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SIADH

A

confusion, increased BP, edema

treat underlying cause and normalize electrolytes
PT consid: manage edema, monitor vitals

35
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

too little ADH leads to polyuria (frequent urination) and poyldipsa extreme thirst

kidneys getting rid of too much fluid

36
Q

Types of DI

A
  1. neurologic- most common, low ADH due to trauma or lesion
  2. nephrogenic- inadequate renal response from ADH
  3. psychogenic- compulsive water drinking
37
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DI

A

weight loss, hyperatremia, hypotension

PT: watch VS closely as susceptible to OTN

38
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

caused by pituitary cell death (trauma, surgery, infarction)

results in loss of one, several or all anterior pituitary hormones

most common: dwarfism from lack of GH

39
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

benign slow growing tumor in anterior pituitary gland, 22% have but is asymptomatic

can produce either hypo or hyper secretion most common hypo of GH

can affect trigeminal, abducens trochlear nerves, hypothalamus

40
Q

Hyper secretion of GH

A

gigantism in kids, acromegaly in adults

most common cause is pituitary adenoma

signs and sx: enlarged hands or feet, sleep apnea, HTN, DM type 2, increased sweat gland function, jt pain

41
Q

Medical Management of Gigantism

A

pharmacological suppression, removal of tumor

PT concede:increased thoracic and lumbar pain, nerve compression

promote maximum mobility, strength and function

42
Q

Prolactinoma

A

hyper secretion of prolactin caused by pit. adenoma

in females: lactation when not needed, hair growth, irregular menses, osteoporosis from low estrogen

in males: enlarged testes, ED, usually found much later as symptoms usually related to actual tumor

43
Q

What is thyroiditis?

A

viral infection of the thyroid gland

common with postpartum

sx: fever, high WBC, malaise, painful goiter

may result in hypo or hyper thyroidism
usually treated with steroids

44
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

an autoimmune disease most common with hyperthyroidism, women more than male

multi system disease- eyes and skin affected

45
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid gland due to increased TSH

can block airways esp if pt has respiratory disease

46
Q

Signs and symptoms of Graves

A

weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance (thermo stat already high), weakness, tachycardia

can uses radioactive iodine treatment to slow down release of TSH

47
Q

PT considerations of Hyperthyroidism

A

monitor vitals (always running on high) therefore low anaerobic and endurance

are heat intolerant watch climate of exercise area

myopathy- proximal muscle weakness

impaired nutrition therefore usually fatigue

48
Q

What is thyroid storm?

A

dangerous worsening of hyperthyroid state, rapid and excessive release of TH

extremely rare but deadly within 48 hours

caused by untreated or partially treated hyperthyroidism subjected to outside stress

49
Q

Signs and Sx of thyroid storm

A

tachycardia, delirium, dehydration, diarrhea, high fever

treatment- drugs to reduce TSH production and drop TH levels

50
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

primary- insufficient TH from thyroid

secondary- insufficient TSH from anterior pituitary resulting in decreased TH

51
Q

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

A

autoimmune thryroiditis

lymphocytes and anti thyroid antibodies destroying thyroid gland

SX: slow onset, lethargy, cold intolerant, low body temp, constipation, bradycardia

Treatment: TH replacement with Levothyroxine

52
Q

What are parathyroid disease?

A

usually involved in bone health

hyperparathyroid–increased secretion of PTH

primary- increased PTH by one or more parathy gland leads to too much calcium

secondary- increased PTH due to chronic disease state anything that causes low calcium (renal failure)

53
Q

Signs and SX of hyperparathyroid

A

increased bone reabsorption, hypercalcemia (Ca+ out of blood into bone), ab pain, weakness, impaired memory, HTN

treatment: removal of offending glands

PT goals: osteo prevention, monitor vitals, strengthening

54
Q

Hypoparathyroid

A

abnormally low PTH levels, most common after thyroid cancer surgery

sx: can affect nerve impulse and muscle excitation
decrease active vitamin D which leads to lower Ca+ (hyperphosphatemia)

treatment: resolve hypocalcemia

55
Q

What are some adrenal gland dysfunctions?

A

Adrenal hyper function: Cushing’s disease

hypofunction: addisons

56
Q

What is Cushing disease?

A

excess of cortisol secretion most likely as a result of too much ACTH as result of pituitary adenoma

SX: hypers and humps, fragile skin, poor wound healing, mental status change

PT: wound care, strengthening/ oust prevention, vitals, promote aerobic conditioning

57
Q

Hypocortisolism

A

Addison’s (primary), rare occurs in adults 30-60

autoimmune where there is decreased adrenal cortex function

increased ACTH but glands are unable to produce cortisol and aldosterone

58
Q

Secondary hypocortisolism

A

low cortisol and aldosterone levels from low ACTH

results in adrenal atrophy

59
Q

Signs and Sx of hypocort(1st and 2nd)

A

weakness, fatigue weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, OTN

hyperpigmentation- only in Addison’s

60
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

a rare tumor found in adrenal medulla

hyper secretion of catecholamines- always on fight or flight

SX: HTN, sweating, tachycardia

Treat- remove tumor

Pathology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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