MS and PD

Question 1

MS- ataxia

Answer 1

disorder/ confusion of movement, types= cerebellar- disorder that occurs when the cerebellum becomes inflamed or damaged. The cerebellum is the area of the brain responsible for controlling gait and muscle coordination, sensory-caused by the impairment of somatosensory nerve, which leads to the interruption of sensory feedback signals and therefore, the body incoordination is caused, vestibular- vestibular ataxia is used to indicate ataxia due to dysfunction of the vestibular system, which in acute and unilateral cases is associated with prominent vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 2

MS- treatments for ataxia

Answer 2

cerebellar- core stability and coordination, vestibular- Cooksey cawthrone exercises, sensory- sensory stimulation

Question 3

Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise- grading and sets

Answer 3

performed 3 sets of 5, 3 times a day

0- symptom free, 1- mild discomfort, 2-discomfort, 3- severe,

Question 4

Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise- 1- in bed, eye movements

Answer 4

eye movements- start slow then quick

a) up and down, b) from side to side, C)- focus on finger moving from 3ft to 1ft away from face

Question 5

Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise- 2- head movements

Answer 5

head movements, later with eyes closed

a) bend backwards and forwards, b) turn from side to side

Question 6

Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise- sitting

Answer 6

1 and 2 as above, 3- shoulder shrugging and circling, 4- bend forward and pick up objects from the ground

Question 7

Cawthorne-Cooksey exercise- standing

Answer 7

change from sitting to standing with eyes open then closed, throw a small ball from hand to hand (above eye level), throw a ball from hand to hand under knee, change from sitting to standing and turn round in between

Question 8

neuro-rehab treatments for ataxia

Answer 8

dynamic task practice that challenges stability and stability limits, compensatory approach for everyday strategies- splints or orthoses, treadmill training- NB dose needs to be high, visually guided stepping- visualising foot placement, light touch supplement, memory guided movement

Question 9

other ataxia treatments

Answer 9

hydrotherapy and fitness training may maintain strength, flexibility and balance, axial weighting, lycra garments, wrist weighting

Question 10

physiotherapy for postural problems

Answer 10

assessment, stretches, strengthening exercise, mobility exercise, seating, function, advice

Question 11

PD warrier- exercises

Answer 11

007- trunk mobility, stop and squat, step forward

Question 12

cueing

Answer 12

kinesthetic (tapping, facilitation, rocking on sit to stand, dancing arms linked), visual (lines on floor, markers to step over), auditory (music, metronome, counting, verbal promting)

Question 13

cueing- significant areas of the brain

Answer 13

primary motor cortex- role in the responsible for the execution on movement, the supplementary motor area (SMA)- involved in internally generated, automatic movement, the premotor area (PMA)- which is involved in sensory-guided movement

Question 14

parkinsons- areas of the brain affected

Answer 14

in parkinsons, the SMA system is impaired, but the PMA is intact
therefore- the automatic subconscious basis of posture and movement is lost (SMA) but abnormalities can often be overcome by voluntary effort (use of PMA)

Question 15

PD- relaxation techniques

Answer 15

breathing techniques, massage, mindfulness

Question 16

from lying to standing

Answer 16

side lying on a mat, push up into half sitting,