MRI of Knee Flashcards

1
Q

essential MRI sequence for examining the menisci

A

sag T1 or PD

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2
Q

knee should be in what position during MRI

A

externally rotated about 5 to 10 degrees

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3
Q

3 MRI sequences to examine cruciate ligaments and cartilage

A

FSE, T2 or T2* GRASS

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4
Q

used to examine the collateral ligaments and cartilage and look for meniscocapsular separations

A

coronal images

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5
Q

used for viewing the patellofemoral cartilage, identifuing bursal fluid collections and for a second look at the cruciate and collateral ligaments

A

axial images

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6
Q

a fibrocartilaginous, C-shaped structure that is uniformly low in signal on both T1 and T2 weighted images

A

menisci

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7
Q

meniscal signal that does not disrupt an articular surface is representative of

A

instrasubstance degeneration

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8
Q

high signal in meniscus disrupts the superior or inferior articular surface

A

meniscal tear

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9
Q

most common type of meniscal tear

A

oblique horizontal tear extending to the inferior surface of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus

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10
Q

type of meniscal tear that occurs along a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the meniscus and involves at least tje inner free edge portion of the meniscus; if large, a radial tear may extend across the full width of the meniscus

A

parrot beak or radial tear

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11
Q

ACL tears usually happens at the

A

periphery of the menisci

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12
Q

lateral meniscus tears happen at what portion of the menisci

A

posterior horn

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13
Q

longitudinally-oriented tear of the mensicus resulting in inner free edge of the meniscus becoming displaced towards the intercondylar notch

A

Bucket-handle tear

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14
Q

only one image is present that has the bow-tie appearance of the body segment of the meniscus

A

Bucket-handle tear

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15
Q

normal size of meniscus

A

9 to 12 mm wide and 4- 5 mm thickness

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16
Q

large meniscus that can have many different shapes; lens-shaped, wedged, flat

A

discoid meniscus

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17
Q

discoid meniscus is commonly seen in what meniscus

A

lateral meniscus

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18
Q

lateral meniscus often has what appears to be a tear on the anterior horn near its upper margin, which is a ______ from the insertion of the transverse ligament

A

pseudotear

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19
Q

seen in the intercondylar notch as a linear, predominantlly low signal structure on T1. often shows some linear striations onto the medial tibial spine when viewed on sagittal images

A

ACL

20
Q

when ACL is torn, it appears

A

it is not visualized

21
Q

partial tears or sprains of the ACL are manifested by

A

high signal and/or laxity within an otherwise intact ligament

22
Q

gently curved, homogeneously low-signal structure that is infrequently torn or even less frequently repaired by surgeons. when torn, it appears thickened and it has diffuse intermediate signal throughout

A

posterior cruciate ligament

23
Q

normal size of PCL

A

6 mm or less in diameter

24
Q

when PCL is torn, it has a thickness of

A

7mm or thicker

25
Q

low-signal, round structure often seen just anterior or poterior to the PCL, as seen in sagittal views. a loose body or displaced fragment of a piece of torn meniscus can have this appearance

A

meniscofemoral ligament

26
Q

a meniscofemoral ligament passes infront of PCL, it is called _____; if it passes behind the PCL, it is called _____

A

ligament of Humphrey (anterior), ligament of Wrisberg (posterior)

27
Q

originates in the medial femoral condyle and inserts on the tibia. it is closely applied to the joint and is intimately associated with the medial joint capsule and medial meniscus

A

MCL

28
Q

injuries to MCL usually occur from

A

valgus stress to the lateral part of the knee (such as clipping injury in football)

29
Q

grade of MCL injury: mild sprain and is diagnosed on MR by the presence of fluid or hemorrhage in the soft tisue medial to the MCL. ligament is otherwise normal

A

grade 1

30
Q

grade of MCL injury: partial tear and is seen as high signal in and around the MCL on T2 and T2* coronal sequences. ligament is intact, altho the deep or superficial fibers may show minimal disruption

A

grade 2

31
Q

grade of MCL injury: complete disruption of MCL

A

grade 3

32
Q

speckled appearance of anterior horn of lateral menscus, normal or abnormal

A

normal variant

33
Q

occurs when the medial meniscus is torn from its attachment to the joint capsule. this occurs most commonly at the site of MCL and often occurs concomitantly with an MCL injury

A

meniscocapsular separation

34
Q

this ligament consist of 3 parts; most posterior is the tendon of biceps femoris, which inserts onto the head of fibula. next, anterior to the biceps, which extends from the lateral femoral condyle to the head of fibula

A

LCL

35
Q

anterior to the fibullar collateral ligament is the _____, which extends into the fascia more anteriorly and inserts onto Gerdy tubercle on the tibia

A

iliotibial band

36
Q

patellar cartilage commonly undergoes degeneration, cuasing exquisite pain and tenderness. this is called

A

chondromalacia patella

37
Q

a frequent cause of a patellar cartilage defect is

A

dislocation of patella

38
Q

normal structure seen in over half of the population, which is an embryologic remnant from when the knee was divided into three compartments. it is a thin fibrous band that extends from the medial capsule towards the medial facet of the patella

A

patellar plica

39
Q

when a patellar plica cause clinical symptoms that are indistinguishable from those of a torn meniscus, it is termed

A

plica syndrome

40
Q

represents microfractures from trauma. they are easily identified on T1W images as subarticular areas of inhomogeneous low signal. in T2, it demonstraes increased signal for several weeks depending on its severity

A

bone contusions

41
Q

bone contusions can progress to _____ if they are not treated with decreased weight bearing

A

osteochondritis dissecans

42
Q

a commonly seen bone contusion is one that occurs on the posterior part of the lateral tibial plateau with an associated “kissing” contusion in the central to anterior lateral femoral condyle. this has been called

A

“pivot-shift” contusion pattern

43
Q

a fracture that is almost always associated with an internal derangement is the _____. A small, bony fragment pulled off the lateral tibial joint line by an avulsion of the lateral joint capsule, it is almost always associated with an ACL tear

A

Segond fracture

44
Q

an abnormality that can cause joint pain and clinically mimic plica syndrome or a torn meniscus is

A

bursitis

45
Q

an uncommon medial bursa; three tendons– the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus—insert onto the anterior medial aspect of the tibia in a fan-shaped manner that has been likened to a Goose’s foot. the bursa lies beneath the insertion site, which can be inflamed and cause medial joint line or patellar pain and can be confused clinically with a torn medial meniscus

A

pes anserine bursa

46
Q

much more common medial bursa that occurs at the medial joint line and often mimics a meniscal cyst. it has a characteristic comma shape as it drapes over the semimembranosus tendon

A

semimembranosus tibial collateral ligament bursa