Mr Webber - Ventilation

Question 1

What is diffusion

Answer 1

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until uniform distillation/equilibrium

Question 2

What features speed up exchange

Answer 2

A large surface area/folded membranes. Then barriers/small diffusion pathway. Maintaining a steep concentration gradient

Question 3

What impact does increase surface area have on exchanging surfaces

Answer 3

This provides area for exchange and overcome the limitations of the surface area to volume ratio of larger organisms. Some examples of these include hair root cells in plants and the villi in the small intestine

Question 4

What is the effect of thin walls

Answer 4

This decreases the distance of the substance has to diffuse across making the process faster and efficient. E.g. alveoli in the lungs and the villi in the small intestines

Question 5

What does the effect of good supply of blood

Answer 5

The steeper the concentration gradient the faster diffusion takes place. By having a good blood supply it insures substances are constantly delivered and removed from the exchange surface. E.g. alveoli of the lungs, gills in the fish and the villi of the small intestine

Question 6

What does ventilation Do to maintain diffusion gradient

Answer 6

Forecast as a ventilation system helps maintain a concentration gradient and makes the process more officiant. E.g. alveoli in the lungs the gills of a fish this is where ventilation means a flow of water came to self gasses

Question 7

What are the structures and functions of the nasal cavity

Answer 7

The nasal cavity has a large surface area with a good blood supply, which warms the air to the blood temperature. A hair lining, which secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria, predicting delicate lung tissue for irritation and infection. Moist surfaces, which increase the humidity of the incoming air reduce evaporation from the exchange surface.

Question 8

What are the structures in the function of the alveoli

Answer 8

The alveoli are tiny air sacs which maintain gas exchange in the body. Alveoli are unique to each mammalian lungs. Each alveolus has a diameter of around 200 to 300 um And consists of a layer of 10, flattened cells, along with some collagen and elastic fibres (composed of elastin). These elastic tissues allow the alveoli to stretch as Air is drawn in. When they return to the resting size, they help squeeze the air out. This is known as the elastic recoil in the lungs

Question 9

Structures and functions of the bronchioles

Answer 9

In the lungs the bronchi divides to form any small bronchioles. The smaller bronchioles(Diameter 1 mm or less) having no cartilage rings. The walls of the bronchioles contain smooth-muscle. On the smooth-muscle can trunks the bronchioles constrict (close up). When it releases,The bronchioles delight (open up). This changes the amount of reaching in the lungs. Bronchioles lined with a thin layer of flattened epithelium cells, making some gaseous exchange possible.

Question 10

Structure and function of the the bronchus

Answer 10

In the chest cavity of the trachea divides to form the left bronchus leading to the left lung and the right bronchus leading to the left lung.They are similar in structure to the trachea with the same supporting rings of cartilage but they are smaller.

Question 11

Structure and function of the trachea

Answer 11

The trachea is the main way carrying clean, moist air from the nose down to the chest. It is a wide tube supported by incomplete rings of strong, flexible cartilage, which stopped the trachea from collapsing. The rings are incomplete so that the food can Move down easily down the oesophagus behind the trachea. The trachea and it’s bronchus aligned with the ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between and below the epithelium cells. Goblet cells secrete mucus into the lining of the trachea, to catch dust and micro organisms that have escaped the nose lining. The cilia feet and move the mucus, along with any trap dirt and microorganisms away from the lungs.Most of it goes into the throat and is swallowed and digested. One of the effects of cigarette smoke is then it stops cilia from beating.

Question 12

How does inspiration work

Answer 12

Inspiration – and taking in energy process.

1. The diaphragm contracts
2. The external intercostal muscles contract moving the rib cage up and outwards
3. The volume of the thorax increases so the pressure in the thorax is reduced
4. There is no lower pressure in the thorax than outside the lungs (atmospheric pressure)
5. Hair is drawn in through nose or passages, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles into the lungs.
6. Is equalise the pressure inside and outside the chest

Question 13

How does expiration work

Answer 13

Exploration-air taken out put passive process

1. The muscles in the diaphragm relax moving up into its resting dome shape
2. The external intercostal muscles relax ribs more down and inwards due to gravity
3. The elastic fibres in the alveoli of the lungs returned to their normal length. The effect is to decrease volume in the thorax
4. The pressure inside the thorax is greater than the atmospheric pressure so the moves out of the lungs until pressure is equalised
5. You can exhale forcibly by using energy. The internal Intercoastal muscles contract, pulling ribs down hard and fast the abdominal muscles contract forcing the diaphragm to increase lung pressure rapidly.