Mr McAlonan - Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates are made from

Answer 1

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 2

What do you carbohydrates do

Answer 2

Energy store in plants and animals

Question 3

What are three types of carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

Question 4

General formula for monosaccharides

Answer 4

(CH20)n

Question 5

What is the difference between an alpha glucose molecule and a beta glucose molecule

Answer 5

On the right side of the molecule for an alpha glucose molecule the hydrogen is on the top and hydroxide is on the bottom for a beta glucose molecule the hydroxide is in the top and the hydrogen is on the bottom

Question 6

What are monosaccharides

Answer 6

One molecule

Question 7

What are disaccharides

Answer 7

Where two molecules are joined together.

Question 8

What is a polysaccharide

Answer 8

Many molecules joined together

Question 9

What is a condensation reaction

Answer 9

Went to two alpha glucose molecules chemically bonded together the Glycosillick bond between the one and four carbons on a glucose molecule. The hydroxides join making a water molecule and an oxygen bond where the hydroxides were.

Question 10

What do glucose and glucose make

Answer 10

Maltose and water

Question 11

What do you glucose and fructose make

Answer 11

Sucrose and water

Question 12

What do glucose and galactose make

Answer 12

Lactose and water

Question 13

What are two monosaccharides joined together called

Answer 13

A disaccharide

Question 14

What is a polymerisation reaction (adding molecules together)

Answer 14

Is a condensation reaction

Question 15

What are breakdown reaction is called (braking apart)

Answer 15

Hydrolysis reactions

Question 16

Properties of a monosaccharide

Answer 16

White, crystalline solid, sweet tasting and really soluble in water.

Question 17

Functions of Monosaccharides include e.g.s

Answer 17

For example glucose is an important respire Tory substance and the starting material for more complicated carbohydrates (E.G.starch, Celulose and glycogen they are all polymers of glucose)

Fructose being another example is a sugar found in fruits

Ribose and deoxyribose (pentose) are parts of the nuclear tides e.g. RNA and DNA

Question 18

What are carbohydrates also known as

Answer 18

Saccharides or sugars

Question 19

What is glucose( it’s importance, what it’s chemical formula, what is it composed of, variations and properties)

Answer 19

Glucose is one of the most basic building blocks and a biologically very important large carbohydrates. Glucose has a chemical formula of the c6h12o6. Glucose molecule is composed of six carbon is making it a hexose monosaccharide. There are two variations of glucose molecules beta and alpha. Because I saw you in the water and the polar this is due to the hydrogen bonds formed between the hydroxyl group.

Question 20

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 20

Starch, glycogen, Cellulose

Question 21

What are starches structure, properties and functions

Answer 21

Starch is alpha-helical. E.g. AmyloseIs an alpha glucose molecule joined by Aone, for lack of sleep bond between two glucose molecules this therefore makes the structure twist forming a helix structure making the polysaccharide more compact and less soluble

Another example of starch is amylopectin which is also made up from 1 , 4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose molecules but also I’d like acidic bonds between the 1,6 every 25 subunits making branches in the structure.

Starchs function is to store energy and animals and fungi as glycogen.

Question 22

What is the structure and function of glycogen

Answer 22

Glycogen is made up from alpha glucose molecules through glycosidic bonds from 1, 4 and 1,6 making branches longer and similar to amylopectin this makes glycogen more compact and small at the store.

There are many free glucose molecules that can be added or removed speeding up the process of storing and releasing glucose molecules required by the cell.

When starch or glycogen is needed for respiration a hydrolysis reaction reverses the condensation reaction and using a catalyst to speed up the rate of reaction

Question 23

What is the structure and functions and properties of cellulose

Answer 23

Cellulose is made from beta glucose molecules they cannot be joint like alpha molecules can and so one molecule has to be flipped. There are hydrogen bonds formed between the microfibrils to make the fibre is strong and insoluble

Question 24

What is the food test to find reducing sugars

Answer 24

The Benedict’s test is used you add the food sample and the same amount of Benedict’s reagent heat the mixture in a gentle boiling water bath for five minutes the scale of the strength of sugars goes from blue to brick red.

Question 25

How do you find it a non-reducing sugar

Answer 25

The non-reducing sugar must be hydrolysed first Into it monosaccharide components. Use a small amount of the food sample with The same amount of dilate hydrochloric acid and boil gently for five minutes then add sodium hydrogen carbonate to your solution until neutralised then retest using Benedict’s solution