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PALEO 200 > Moving Around > Flashcards

Moving Around Flashcards

1
Q

Name for modern animals that have a sprawling stance.

A

lizard, turtle, crocodile, salamander`

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2
Q

Name 2 (types of) animals that have an erect stance.

A

mammals, birds

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3
Q

Describe the sprawling stance.

A

humerus and femur project horizontally; elbows and knees strongly bent

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4
Q

Describe an erect stance.

A

humerus and femur project vertically (i.e. all limbs point straight down from their girdles)

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5
Q

Is it more advantageous to have an erect stance or a sprawled stance? Why? (I.e. what are the advantages?)

A

more advantageous: erect stance

  • having the limb bones directly under the body allows the limb bones to passively support the body’s weight (without muscle strain)
  • having straight limbs contributes to stride length, which increases speed (b/c stride is longer)
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6
Q

Why does it make sense for a lizard to have a sprawling stance?

A

relatively inactive; only rise to walk and run infrequently

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7
Q

What stance did the ancestor of all modern tetrapods assume?

A

sprawling stance

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Birds and mammals evolved their erect stances independently of each other.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What stance did dinosaurs assume?

A

erect stance

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10
Q

What are cursorial limbs specifically adapted for? Describe their strcture.

A

fast locomotion; long lower leg bones (below elbows and knees)

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11
Q

What posture describes cursorial animals that stand on their toes?

A

digitigrade posture

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12
Q

What posture describes cursorial animals that stand on their toenails/hoofs?

A

unguligrade posture

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13
Q

Name 2 modern animals with cursorial limbs and digitigrade posture.

A

Cheetahs and ostriches

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14
Q

Name 2 modern animals with cursorial limbs and unguligrade posture.

A

horses and antelopes

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15
Q

TRUE or FALSE: humans are cursorial.

A

FALSE

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16
Q

What posture do humans assume? Describe this posture.

A

plantigrade posture - standing simultaneously on our toes, flat of our feet, and our heels

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17
Q

Which dinosaurs show cursorial adaptions? What are the indications?

A

ornithomimid theropods; digitigrade stance and long metatarsals

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18
Q

What are graviportal limbs specially adapted for? Describe the bones and feet of these limbs. Are these limbs short or long? Do the joints bend a lot or very little?

A

adapted for: supporting extreme body weight
bones: robust and heavy
feet: large and padded
limbs: short
joints: bend very little

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19
Q

What is an example of a modern animal with graviportal limbs?

A

elephant

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20
Q

What is the term for an animal that walks and runs on 2 legs?

A

obligate bipeds

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21
Q

What is the term for an animal that walks and runs on 4 legs?

A

obligate quadrupeds

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22
Q

What is the term for an animal that walks on 4 legs but rises on 2 legs to run? What are some modern animal examples?

A

facultative bipeds; basilisk lizard, primates, kangaroos

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The ancestor of all dinosaurs was a facultative biped.

A

FALSE: The ancestor of all dinosaurs was an OBLIGATE BIPED.

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24
Q

Which dinosaurs were obligate quadrupeds? Select all that apply

a) prosauropods
b) small ornithopods
c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
e) pachycephalosaurs
f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts
h) ankylosaurs
i) theropods
j) small ceratopsians
k) large ceratopsians

A

c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
h) ankylosaurs
k) large ceratopsians

25
Q

Which dinosaurs were obligate OR facultative bipeds? Select all that apply

a) prosauropods
b) small ornithopods
c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
e) pachycephalosaurs
f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts
h) ankylosaurs
i) theropods
j) small ceratopsians
k) large ceratopsians

A

a) prosauropods

26
Q

Which dinosaurs were obligate AND facultative bipeds? Select all that apply

a) prosauropods
b) small ornithopods
c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
e) pachycephalosaurs
f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts
h) ankylosaurs
i) theropods
j) small ceratopsians
k) large ceratopsians

A

small ceratopsians

27
Q

Which dinosaurs were obligate bipeds? Select all that apply

a) prosauropods
b) small ornithopods
c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
e) pachycephalosaurs
f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts
h) ankylosaurs
i) theropods
j) small ceratopsians
k) large ceratopsians

A

b) small ornithopods
e) pachycephalosaurs
i) theropods

28
Q

Which dinosaurs had strong hind legs that were significantly longer than their front limbs, but despite this indication of a bipedal stance, did not actually assume a bipedal stance? Select all that apply

a) prosauropods
b) small ornithopods
c) sauropods
d) stegosaurs
e) pachycephalosaurs
f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts
h) ankylosaurs
i) theropods
j) small ceratopsians
k) large ceratopsians

A

f) hadrosaurs
g) iguanodonts

(i.e. large ornithopods)

29
Q

What is the caudofemoralis? What is its function?

A

what: large muscle that pulls backward on the hind leg –> ANCHOR POINT
function: power animals when they walk and run (e.g. crocodiles and birds)

30
Q

Describe where in the body the caudofemoralis is anchored?

A

anchored to:
- the under surface of the ILIUM
- CAUDAL VERTEBRAE
- CHEVRONS

note: attached by a tendon to the FEMUR

31
Q

What is the trochanter?

A

what: prominence of bone where caudofemoralis muscle-ligament attaches (MUSCLE ATTACHEMENT)

32
Q

What can we infer about a dinosaur that has large anchor points, like the caudofemoralis?

A
  • this dinosaur is adapted for greater hindlimb power
  • probably a strong runner
33
Q

What can we infer about a dinosaur whose trochanter is located high on the femur?

A
  • high trochanter = high muscle attachment; allows caudofemoralis to repeatedly retract quickly
  • probably carnivorous b/c legs can swing fast when hunting prey
34
Q

What can we infer about a dinosaur whose trochanter is located low on the femur?

A
  • low trochanter = low muscle attachment; does NOT allow caudofemoralis to repeatedly retract quickly
  • probably herbivorous b/c legs don’t need to move fast (as they do not hunt prey)
  • legs have much greater endurance b/c each retraction of the leg pulls with greater endurance
35
Q

Why is it advantageous for herbivorous dinosaurs to have a low trochanter?

A

low trochanter –> greater leverage with each leg retraction –> greater endurance for moving and grazing from one patch of vegetation to the next

36
Q

what is the name of fossils that records biological activity

A

ichnofossils

37
Q

what are some examples of ichnofossils

A

burrows, fossil footprints and tooth marks

38
Q

true or false - tooth marks are the best evidence of how a dinosaur moved

A

false - it is fossil footprints

39
Q

what are the steps for how a footprint can be fossilized

A
  1. footprint must be made in soft mud
  2. mud has to dry and harden
  3. the footprint must be buried to protect it
40
Q

true or false - dinosaur footprints are common fossils

A

true

41
Q

what are trackways

A

it is an entire series of dinosaur footprints

42
Q

what do trackways tell us

A

posture, stride length and walking speeds

43
Q

true or false - bipedal dinosaurs hold their body in a vertical position

A

false - horizontal

44
Q

briefly explain the trackways left behind by hadrosaurs and iguanodonts

A

they leave deep imprints by their hindfeet and shallow tracks made by front feet

45
Q

true or false - longer strides enhance speed

A

true

46
Q

how can leg lengths of dinosaurs be estimated

A

from the proportions of their footprints

47
Q

true or false - trackways tell us about the dinosaur’s walking and running speed

A

false - only walking speed

48
Q

_____ are animals that adjust their internal body temperature through behaviors that depend on temperature differences

A

ectotherms

49
Q

_____ are also known as warm blooded animals

A

endotherms

50
Q

how do endotherms warm themselves up and cool themselves down

A

they burn energy to generate internal heat
they sweat/pant to cool down

51
Q

what is a disadvantage of being an endotherm

A

they must expand large amounts of energy , therefore having to consume a lot more food than ectotherms

52
Q

what are the four advantages of being an endotherm

A
  1. can survive in cold climates
  2. they can function the same as they could in the middle of the day; not sluggish like ectotherms
  3. they can be out all day and night; sunny or cold
    4 maintains high activity levels
53
Q

why do people believe that dinosaurs are mostly endotherms

A

they have hair like feathers that help them hold in body heat which they gain from burning energy

54
Q

briefly explain histology

A

a technique used to slice samples of bones into thin sections so that the internal structure of bone can be magnified

55
Q

bone cells are called
a) osteoclasts
b) osteons
c) stem cells

A

b) osteons

56
Q

do endotherms or ectotherms grow their bones more quickly

A

endotherms

57
Q

true or false - larger dinosaurs are endothermic

A

false - they are gigantothermic

58
Q

explain the cubic square law

A

when the shape increases in size, its surface area increases more slowly than the volume

59
Q

using the cubic sqaure law , is this a false statement -> smaller animals have a large surface area compared to large animals

A

it is true

PALEO 200 (13 decks)

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