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PALEO 200 > Eating > Flashcards

Eating Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it important to understand what a dinosaur ate? (i.e. what does it tell us)

A

tells us how that dinosaur lived and how it fit into a larger ecosystem

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2
Q

Describe the teeth of an herbivore. Why are their teeth shaped this way?

A
  • thin, ridged or “leaf-shaped” for shearing
  • broad, flat for grinding
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3
Q

Describe the teeth of a carnivore. Why are their teeth shaped this way?

A
  • sharp, pointed teeth for piercing
  • serrations
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4
Q

What are serrations?

A

small sharp bumps on a tooth that are arranged in a line that usually runs from the tip to the base of the tooth

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5
Q

Why do carnivores have sharp hooked claws?

A

to hold on to struggling prey

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6
Q

A parrot can be classified as:

a) a frugivore
b) a piscivore
c) an insectivore
d) an omnivore

A

a) a frugivore

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7
Q

What do frugivores primarily eat?

A

fruit

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8
Q

What does the beak of a frugivorous bird look like? Why is it shaped this way?

A

sharp and hooked b/c it needs to rip and tear apart the peels and protective husks of large tropical fruits

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9
Q

What do piscivores primarily eat?

A

fish

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10
Q

What do the teeth of a piscivorous bird look like? Why are they shaped this way?

A
  • tall, sharp, conical teeth
  • NO serrations
  • shaped this way b/c these birds need to spear and hold onto slippery fish
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11
Q

Is the jaw of a piscivorous bird long or short? Does it snap shut quickly or slowly

A

long and snap shut quickly

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12
Q

Describe the beak of a piscivorous bird.

A

spear-shaped, long, straight, sharp tip

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13
Q

What do insectivores primarily eat?

A

insects

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14
Q

Why do some insectivores have sharp piercing teeth, but others have weak jaws and reduced teeth (and some don’t even have teeth)?

A

Some insects have hard chitinous exoskeletons, and some are soft-bodied (can be swallowed whole)

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15
Q

Why do insectivores have large spade-shaped claws and powerful, but short, limbs?

A

for digging

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16
Q

Explain durophagy.

A

some carnivores have sharp teeth for puncturing and ripping flesh but ALSO strong rounded teeth that enable them to crack bones

(i.e. the carnivore has both sharp teeth and strong rounded teeth)

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17
Q

What are 3 animals that exhibit durophagy?

A

hyenas, Tasmanian devils, alligators

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18
Q

What do omnivores eat?

A

meat and plants

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19
Q

Which of the following are omnivores?

a) bears
b) rats
c) crows
d) pigs
e) humans
f) alligator
g) giraffe
h) turtle

A

a) bears
b) rats
c) crows
d) pigs
e) humans
h) turtle

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: omnivores have specialized teeth and beaks depending on whether they eat more plants or animals.

A

FALSE: unspecialized beak and teeth that vary

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21
Q

the chewing surfaces of ceratopsians are

a) vertical
b)horizontal
c) downwards

A

a

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22
Q

the chewing surfaces of hadrosaurs are

a) vertical
b) horizontal

A

b

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23
Q

true or false - ankylosaurs and sauropods have complicated rows of teeth

A

false - they have simple teeth

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24
Q

what are two kinds of herbivorous theropods

A

oviraptorosaurs and ornithomimids

25
Q

what are gastroliths

A

they are little stones inside the ribcage found in the skeletons of oviraptorosaurs and ornithomimids

26
Q

what is the term given to the stone filled digesting organs near the stomach

A

gastric mill

27
Q

what is the name of the famous Dromaeosaurs

A

Velociraptor

28
Q

what modern day animal do the foot claws of the Dromaeosaurs resemble

A

modern day cat

29
Q

briefly describe the Spinosaurs
- name three characteristics

A

they are a group of theropods; a piscivore (fish eating); have conical and sharp teeth

30
Q

briefly describe the Alvarezsaurs
- name three characteristics

A

group of small theropods; a insetivore; have short front limbs and compact hands

31
Q

which group of theropods have the most powerful bite

A

T-rex

32
Q

what is scavenging

A

refers to the consumption of an already dead animal by a carnivore that did not play a part in killing it

33
Q

how is durophagy beneficial to scavengers

A

it allows a carnivore to access nutrients within the bones of a carcass that has already been picked at by other dinosaurs

34
Q

what is the term given to fossil gut contents

A

cololites

35
Q

what are the two species that have cololites which contain fossil plant material

A

hadrosaurs and ankylosaurs

36
Q

what group of dinosaur does Sinocalliopteryx belong to

A

theropods

37
Q

what modern day animal does the size of the Sinocalliopteryx compare to

A

wolf

38
Q

what is the name of the dinosaurs that are the most cololites known from among the theropods

A

the dromaeosaur called Microraptor

39
Q

what is a piece of evidence that supports the hypotehsis that spinosaurs were partially piscivorous

A

a cololite from the Baryonyx included fish bones

40
Q

what are gastroliths

A

they are a kind of stomach content that provides information on their diet

41
Q

what were ceratopsians and hadrosaurs eaten by and how do we know this

A

the tooth evidence shows that they are eaten by tyrannosaurs

42
Q

what does coprolites of a tyrannosaurs tell us

A

they contain large quantities of bone which tells us the tyrannosaurs are durophagous; and the bone from the diet passed completely though the digestive tracts

43
Q

what is the name of the alvarezasaur that has one large spade shaped claw on each hand

A

Shuvuuia

44
Q

true or false - scavenging is the same as durophagy

A

false

45
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Like modern sharks and crocodiles, dinosaurs only had one set of teeth throughout their life.

A

FALSE: like modern sharks and crocodiles, dinosaurs were constantly shedding and growing new teeth

46
Q

Why does resorption of the root occur when dinosaurs shed their teeth?

A

dinosaurs chemically break down their teeth and bones so that the minerals and nutrients that compose them can be reused

47
Q

Which part of the tooth is resorbed and which part of the tooth is shed?

A

resorbed = root

shed = crown

48
Q

In what circumstance/scenario do animals/dinosaurs often lose their teeth?

A

when they are feeding

49
Q

What is the estimated rate at which the Tyrannosaurus rex replaced each tooth?

A

every 1.5 to 2 years

50
Q

Why are dinosaur teeth one of the most common fossils found?

A

Dinosaurs shed their teeth throughout their life

51
Q

How can we tell that a tooth was shed and not just ripped out?

A

a tooth that was shed will be well-worn and lack roots

52
Q

What can paleontologists identify from discovering many shed teeth nearby a dinosaur skeleton?

A

they can identify which dinosaur was feeding on the dinosaur skeleton (based on the unique teeth)

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The presence of a theropod’s shed teeth around a dinosaur skeleton can tell us whether or not the theropod actively hunted/killed the dinosaur, or if it was only scavenging on an already-dead dinosaur.

A

FALSE: the teeth cannot give us this information

54
Q

TRUE of FALSE: Animals can digest cellulose in their intestines and stomach, without the help of bacteria.

A

FALSE: animals need bacteria to help them digest cellulose

55
Q

What are dental batteries?

A

arrangements of densely packed teeth that collectively form a single, large chewing surface

56
Q

What are the 2 groups of dinosaurs that evolved dental batteries?

A

ceratopsians and hadrosaurs

57
Q

What are 2 hard tissues that make up dinosaur teeth?

A

enamel (covers outside of the teeth)
dentine (found inside the tooth)

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: After being ground down, the teeth in a dental battery remain simple, uniform, and smooth.

A

FALSE: each tooth is ground down at a slightly different rate, making the chewing surface UNEVEN, INTRICATE, and ABRASIVE

PALEO 200 (13 decks)

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