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PALEO 200 > Appearances and Anatomy > Flashcards

Appearances and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the literal meaning of fossil

A

dug up

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2
Q

what are the five types of dinosaur fossils

A

coprolites aka poo, eggshells, footprints, skin and bones

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3
Q

true or false - bones have a lower chance of being preserved as fossils

A

false - they have a much greater chance

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4
Q

was the Velociraptor as big as a human

A

no, it is the size of a dog

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5
Q

what is the current living animal that comes close to the long necked sauropod

A

whales

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6
Q

what are the four functions of bones, in brief ; give examples if needed

A
  1. resist gravity to maintain form
  2. provide a rigid framework for muscle attachment
  3. provide protection - skull bones protect the brain
  4. store mineral reserves
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7
Q

what are the two skeletal adaptations that go with being a vertebrate

A

skull and vertebrae

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8
Q

what is vertebrae made of

A

bone and cartilage that surround the spinal cord

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9
Q

what are three examples of vertebrates

A

fish, snakes, mammals, birds, turtles, amphibians

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10
Q

true or false - land animals were the first vertebrae

A

false - aquatic animals were

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11
Q

what are three examples of invertebrates

A

insects , spiders, snails, squids, jellyfish and worms

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12
Q

are invertebrates or vertebrate more common now and why

A

vertebrates are because of their ability to support their weight and be an anchor to very large muscles

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13
Q

what is the point of the brain case

A

it houses the brain and has many small openings that allow nerves to pass through and connect to the brain inside

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14
Q

true or false - the size and shape of brain tells us about their mental capabilities

A

true

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15
Q

what is the difference between nares and orbits

A

nares are the openings for nostrils and orbits are the openings for the eyes

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16
Q

what are the skull openings called

A

laterotemporal and supratemporal fenestrae

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17
Q

what is the point of the additional skull openings

A

provide extra room for the jaw muscles

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18
Q

true or false - the distalorbital fenestrae is found between each naris and orbital

A

false - it is called the antorbital fenestrae

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19
Q

what are the names of the structures in the basic form of the vertebrae

A

centrum - disk-shaped body
neural arch - above the centrum, and covers the neural canal
neural canal - is an opening that allows the spinal nerves to run through
vertebral processes - provide attatchment surfaces for muscles

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20
Q

what are the two vertebral processes

A

transverse process - extend from the lateral sides
spinous process - extend upwards from the neural arch

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21
Q

do cervical vertebrae have openings , why or why not

A

yes they do, to allow for blood and nerve channels that support the weight of the head

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22
Q

what are the vertebrae called in the back and hips

A

dorsal and sacral, respectively

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23
Q

true or false - dorsal vertebrae often haven shorter spinous processes

A

false - they have tall ones

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24
Q

how can the hips be further strengthened

A

the sacral vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum

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25
Q

where are the caudal vertebrae

A

they are in the tail

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26
Q

what is the name of the bones that support the tail

A

chevrons

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27
Q

what is the difference between dorsal vertebrae in mammals and dinosaurs

A

mammals - the dorsal vertebrae close to hips do not connect to the ribs
dinosaurs - they do

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28
Q

what is the name given to the small ribs aka belly ribs under the ribcage

A

gastralia

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29
Q

what is another name for the shoulder girdle

A

pectoral girdle

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30
Q

what is the scapula

A

it is also called the shoulder blade and it is the largest bone one each side of the pectoral girdle

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31
Q

give the name of the three pelvic bones

A

ilium, ischium and pubis

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32
Q

give the locations of the three pelvic bones

A

ilium - upper hip bones
pubis - in front of the ischium, close to the belly
ischium - near to the tail

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33
Q

where does the hind limb connect

A

the acetabulum

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34
Q

true or false - the femur is the largest bone in the forelimb

A

false - humerus

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35
Q

true or false - the metacarpals are the finger bones

A

false - they are the bones between wrist and fingers

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36
Q

true or false - the femur is the largest bone in the hindbone

A

true

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37
Q

what is the bone that forms the shin

A

tibia

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38
Q

the finger bones are
a) phalanges
b) metacarpals
c) metatarsals

A

phalanges

39
Q

what are the two major groups of dinosaurs

A

Saurichians and Ornithischians

40
Q

what is the major difference between the two groups of dinosaurs

A

Saurischian - have a pubis that extended down and up, towards the ribcage
Ornithischian - have a pubis that extended down and back, towards the tail; they also have a beak forming bone that the other group does not have

41
Q

what is the literal meaning of Saurichians and Ornithischians

A

Saurischian - lizard-hipped
Ornithischians - bird hipped

42
Q

true or false - birds are ornithiscians

A

FALSE - they are part of a special group of saurischians

43
Q

what are the two major groups of Saurichians

A

sauropodomorphs and theropods

44
Q

what differentiates the sauropomorphs and prosauropods

A

sauropomorphs have elongated necks and small heads
prosauropods are part of sauropodomorphs and the first group of large-bodied dinosaurs

45
Q

what is a similarity between the sauropomorphs and prosauropods

A

they are both herbivores

46
Q

what is the later group of sauropodomorphs and their characteristics

A

sauropods - they are gigantic and includes the largest animals to walk earth ; they have four legs and have peg like teeth

47
Q

true or false - therapods are ornithischians share a herbivorous ancestor

A

false - they are saurischians that shared a carnivorous ancestor

48
Q

what kind of teeth do therapods have

A

sharp, blade like teeth

49
Q

what is an example of theropods that still exist today

A

birds

50
Q

in ornithischians, what was the special adaptation given by the backwards extending pubis

A

it created more space for extra large digestive organs

51
Q

true or false - carnivores have smaller digestive organs than herbivores

A

true

52
Q

what are the five groups of ornithischians

A

ornithopods, pachycephalosaurs, ceratopsians, stegosaurs and ankylosaurs

53
Q

what group of ornithischians does the iguanodonts belong to

A

ornithopods

54
Q

true or false - most ornithopods walked in a quadrupedal fashion

A

false - they walk bipedally

55
Q

what is the name given to the duckbilled dinosaurs

A

hadrosaurs

56
Q

what are two facial/dental characteristics of hadrosaurs

A

they have large beaks and dense, tightly packed small teeth in the back of their mouths

57
Q

what are dental batteries

A

large chewing surfaces created from the tightly packed rows of small teeth

58
Q

what is the name given to bipedal dinosaurs with short arms and strong tails but very short in height

A

pachycephalosaurs

59
Q

true or false - pachycephalosaurs may have been very calm and gentle in the past

A

false - they have armoured skulls which means they may have been involved in ramming/butting heads with competitors for territory

60
Q

what kind of teeth do pachycephalosaurs have

A

very sharp, conical teeth in front ; leaf-shaped teeth in back

61
Q

palaeontologists speculated that pachycephalosaurs were
a) omnivores
b) carnivores
c) herbivores

A

a) because of their sharp front teeth

62
Q

triceratops are part of what group of ornithischians

A

ceratopsians

63
Q

true or false - triceratops are one of the largest cerartopsians

A

true

64
Q

true or false - ceratopsians are bipedal

A

false - they are quadrupedal

65
Q

do ceratopsians have horns or beaks

A

yes they have parrot-like beaks and large horns

66
Q

if the dinosaur is a ornithischian , how are the pubis and ischium located

A

they both are pointed backwards

67
Q

which dinosaur is most closely related to birds

A

Tyrannosaurus

68
Q

Stegosaurs are:

a) bipedal
b) quadrupedal

A

b) quadrupedal

69
Q

What is a distinctive bone structure that is found on stegosaurs?

A

osteoderms

70
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Stegosaur front limbs are shorter than their back limbs.

A

TRUE

71
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Stegosaurs were fast runners.

A

FALSE –> due to the shorter front limbs they were not fast runners but could probably pivot quickly

72
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Stegosaur heads are small relative to their bodies and their snouts are broad.

A

FALSE –> snouts are narrow

(note: it is TRUE that their heads are small relative to their bodies)

73
Q

What is the most heavily armored dinosaur? (hint: it is an ornithischian)

A

anklyosaur

74
Q

Ankylosaurs are:

a) bipedal
b) quadrupedal

A

b) quadrupedal

75
Q

Select all that apply to ankylosaurs:

a) narrow ribcage
b) wide ribcage
c) short legs
d) long legs
e) long snout
f) short snout
g) broad snout/beak
h) narrow snout/beak

(hint: there are 4 answers)

A

b) wide ribcage
c) short legs
f) short snout
g) broad snout/beak

76
Q

What is the main difference between osteoderms on stegosaurs and ankylosaurs?

A

stegosaur osteoderm: plate-like structures along spine and tail

ankylosaur osteoderm: spikey structures covering the body + mace at end of tail (tail club)

77
Q

What is the word that refers to a dinosaur’s body covering (e.g. skin, keratin, feathers, etc.)?

A

integument (or integumentary structures)

78
Q

What is the term used to refer to dinosaur specimens that include a lot of skin fossils?

A

mummies

79
Q

What was the first mummified dinosaur specimen that was found?

A

hadrosaur

80
Q

Why is dinosaur skin more likely to be fossilized that human skin?

A

the scales of a dinosaur are covered in a substance known as KERATIN

81
Q

What is keratin?

A

tough but flexible material that also composes hair, feathers, fingernails, and outside of claws, beaks, and horns

(also covers dinosaur scaly skin)

82
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Bone decomposes faster than keratin.

A

FALSE: Keratin may be tougher than flesh, but it still decomposes faster than bone.

83
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Most theropod dinosaurs had feathers.

A

TRUE

84
Q

What is the largest known feathered dinosaur?

A

Yutyrannus

85
Q

What is/are the function(s) of osteoderms? (Select all that apply.)

a) mineral reserve
b) gather heat from sun
c) armor (against predators)
d) for appearances (to look good)

A

all of the above are functions of osteoderms

86
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

pigment cells within a feather

87
Q

How is feather colour influenced (in birds and possibly dinosaurs)?

A

shape and arrangement of melanosomes

88
Q

What colour(s) do long and narrow melanosomes correspond to?

a) black and grey colours
b) brown and reddish colours
c) white (no colour)
d) shiny black and blue (glossy/iridescent)

A

a) black and grey colours

89
Q

What colour(s) do short and wide melanosomes correspond to?

a) black and grey colours
b) brown and reddish colours
c) white (no colour)
d) shiny black and blue (glossy/iridescent)

A

b) brown and reddish colours

90
Q

What colour(s) do narrow melanosomes that are aligned in the same direction correspond to?

a) black and grey colours
b) brown and reddish colours
c) white (no colour)
d) shiny black and blue (glossy/iridescent)

A

d) shiny black and blue (glossy/iridescent)

91
Q

What colour(s) do no melanosomes correspond to?

a) black and grey colours
b) brown and reddish colours
c) white (no colour)
d) shiny black and blue (glossy/iridescent)

A

c) white (no colour)

92
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Muscles are seldom fossilized.

A

TRUE

93
Q

What do paleontologists often look for on dinosaur bones to find clues about the muscles? (2)

A

1) shape of bones (note: correspond to muscle shape)

2) muscle scars on the bone

PALEO 200 (13 decks)

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