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Neuroanatomy 2 > Motor Pathways (Quiz 6) > Flashcards

Motor Pathways (Quiz 6) Flashcards

1
Q

LMNs are also known as?

A

GSEs

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2
Q

Which lamina are found in the ventral horns and have motor functions?

A

lamina 8 and 9

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3
Q

What are the other names for association cortex?

A

supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex

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4
Q

What are the 5 descending pathways?

A

1) corticospinal tract
2) reticulospinal tract
3) rubrospinal tract
4) vestibulospinal tract
5) tectospinal tract

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5
Q

Which 2 pathways are the mediators of voluntary movement?

A

corticospinal tract and reticulospinal tract

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6
Q

Where are the UMNs for the corticospinal tract?

A

primary motor cortex

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7
Q

Where are the UMNs for the reticulospinal tract?

A

reticular formation

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8
Q

Where are the UMNs for the rubrospinal tract?

A

red nucleus (midbrain)

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9
Q

Where are the UMNs for the vestibulospinal tract?

A

vestibular area

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10
Q

Which pathway is responsible for postural adjustments and head movements?

A

vestibulospinal tract

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11
Q

Where are the UMNs for the tectospinal tract?

A

tectum (roof of midbrain, from the superior colliculus)

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12
Q

Which pathway starts from the superior colliculus and is responsible for head movements?

A

tectospinal tract

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13
Q

Descending pathways can be classified based on 2 things. What are they?

A

1) somatotopic organization (lateral vs medial motor systems)
2) voluntary or involuntary (pyramidal vs extrapyramidal)

note: extrapyramidal means the axons go through the tectum instead of pyramids

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14
Q

Lateral motor systems travel in the ____________ columns of the spinal cord. They synapse on more laterally located motor neurons, in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

lateral

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15
Q

Medial motor systems descend in the ________________ aspect or ___________ columns of the spinal cord

A

anteromedial, ventral

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16
Q

The lateral motor system includes what tracts?

A

1) lateral corticospinal tract
2) rubrospinal tract

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17
Q

Which tract is responsible for voluntary movement of the limbs?

A

lateral corticospinal tract (LCST)

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18
Q

Which tract augments that activity of the flexor muscles and inhibits the action of the extensor (antigravity) muscles?

A

rubrospinal tract

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19
Q

The medial motor system (axial or medial muscles for balance, posture, and coordination) includes what tracts?

A

1) anterior corticospinal tract (ACST)
2) vestibulospinal tract
3) reticulospinal tract
4) tectospinal tract

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20
Q

Which tract controls the voluntary movement of the axial and girdle muscles?

A

anterior corticospinal tract (ACST)

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21
Q

Which tract controls body balance?

A

vestibulospinal tract

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22
Q

Which tract regulates the function of spinal reflexes and maintains muscle tone when standing and walking?

A

reticulospinal tract

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23
Q

Which tract is responsible for the blinking reflex and eye pursuit movements when following an object?

A

tectospinal tract

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24
Q

Even though corticospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal fibers are able to influence LMNs and their local connections, this still does not explain how a voluntary movement is made. _____________ areas of cortex “decide” that a movement is called for. _________ areas of the cortex devise a plan for the movement and pass this info on to the motor cortex which will issue commands to motor neurons either directly or indirectly. The basal nuclei and cerebellum are involved in various aspects of planning and monitoring movements but have few or no outputs of their own to the spinal cord- they act primarily by affecting motor and premotor cortex

A

Association, Premotor

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25
Q

Where is the UMN for the LCST?

A

primary motor cortex

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26
Q

What is the largest motor tract in the human body?

A

LCST

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27
Q

What are the other names for the LCST?

A

lateral corticospinal tract or pyramidal tract

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28
Q

The LCST/pyramidal tract is a large crossed, descending tract that contains approx. 85% of fibers from the _____________ pyramid that cross in the __________________

A

contralateral, pyramidal decussation

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29
Q

In the spinal cord, the LCST is located in the __________ half of the __________ funiculus, medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

posterior, lateral

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30
Q

Where do the fibers of the LCST originate, pass through, and terminate in?

test q

A

1) cerebral cortex (in the precentral gyrus and nearby areas)
2) descend through the internal capsule
3) through cerebral peduncle (midbrain)
4) basal pons
5) medullary pyramid (anterior medulla)
6) decussate at the spinomedullary junction (pyramidal decussation)
7) travel down spinal cord (C1 down) in tthe lateral funiculus to the appropriate spinal level
8) ends in the ventral horn or intermediate gray matter. They terminate on the motor neurons of the ventral horn (lamina 8 or 9)

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31
Q

Where are the UMNs for the ACST?

A

primary motor cortex

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32
Q

The 15% of fibers in each pyramid that do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into the _________ funiculus as the _________

A

anterior, ACST

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33
Q

The ACST fibers terminate on motor neurons or interneurons in medial portions of the _________ horn or intermediate gray matter, so they preferentially affect the activity of motor neurons for _______ muscles

A

anterior, axial

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34
Q

Most ACST fibers end in __________ and __________ segments, so they may have a special role in the control of neck and shoulder muscles (for keeping head upright)

A

cervical, thoracic

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35
Q

The LCST is ipsilateral in the cerebrum, midbrain, pons, and medulla. It crosses the _____________ and is contralateral in the spinal cord. It exits in the ventral roots of the same side, mainly to _______________

A

caudal medulla, distal muscles

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36
Q

Is the ACST a voluntary or involuntary pathway?

A

voluntary

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37
Q

The ACST is ipsilateral in the cerebrum, midbrain, pons, and medulla. It is also ipsilateral in the spinal cord. Where does it cross?

A

in spinal cord and exits the contralateral ventral root

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38
Q

The ACST exits to what muscles?

A

axial muscles, mostly cervical and thoracic segments

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39
Q

What 2 tracts are the pyramidal tracts?

A

ACST and LCST

40
Q

Where are the UMNs for the corticobulbar tract?

A

primary motor cortex

41
Q

What is another name for the corticobulbar tract?

A

corticonuclear tract

42
Q

What does bulbar mean?

A

brainstem

43
Q

Does the corticobulbar tract go to spinal cord?

A

no it stops at the brainstem

44
Q

The corticobulbar tract activates the motor nuclei of?

A

cranial nerves

45
Q

The corticobulbar tract innervates skeletal muscles of the…

A

head/face

46
Q

The corticobulbar fibers descend to _________ and ____________ levels where most of them terminate in the reticular formation to synapse with interneurons. These interneurons synapse with LMNs in the cranial nerve motor nuclei. A number of fibers terminate directly and bilaterally in the motor nuclei of the ____________ and _____________

A

pontine, medullary, trigeminal CN V, facial nerve CN VII

47
Q

What cranial nerves are involved in the corticobulbar tract? Which motor nuclei are involved?

A

CN 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12

motor nucleus of CN V, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and nucleus ambiguous

48
Q

The corticobulbar tract does not project to the motor nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. These nuclei review motor signals from the ______________ indirectly

A

cerebral cortex

49
Q

What does extrapyramidal mean?

A

axons do not go through the pyramids

50
Q

Where do the fibers of the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

red nucleus (UMNs are here)

51
Q

The red nucleus contains a lot of what to give it a pale pink color?

A

Fe + ferritin

52
Q

The red nucleus is in the _____________ of the rostral midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus

A

tegmentum

53
Q

For the rubrospinal tract, after leaving the red nucleus, the axons cross to the opposite side. This crossing of nerves occurs just in front of the ___________. After decussation, these axons descend downward as rubrospinal tract on the ____________ side of the spinal cord

A

red nuclei, contralateral

54
Q

Which tract helps animals walk and swing with their 4 legs?

A

rubrospinal tract

55
Q

Which tract is just lateral to the LCST?

A

rubrospinal tract

56
Q

The rubrospinal tract terminates in the ________ horns and facilitates ________ and inhibits the activity of _________ and antigravity muscles

A

ventral, flexors, extensors

57
Q

The red nucleus receives afferents from the _________ and the _____________

A

motor cortex, cerebellum

**cerebellum is the main input

58
Q

Which tract influences spinal motor neurons?

A

rubrospinal tract

59
Q

The corticorubral tract (similar to CST) arises from the sensorimotor cortex (association cortex) and terminates in the ipsilateral red nucleus in the midbrain. The cell bodies in the caudal part of the red nucleus gives rise to fibers forming the larger __________ tract and the smaller __________ tract

A

rubrobulbar, rubrospinal

note: rubrospinal tract is insignificant in humans

60
Q

The red nucleus facilitates the the alpha, beta, and gamma motor neurons that innervate the contralateral upper limb ________ muscles, whereas it simultaneously inhibits those of the extensors, specifically the nerve cells that innervate the distal muscles of the upper limbs. This controls the movement of the _______ and _______

A

flexor, hand, digits

61
Q

In the rubrospinal tract- the __________ neurons include the neurons present in the motor area of the cerebral cortex as well as neurons of the red nuclei. Aka are supraspinal

A

1st order

62
Q

In the rubrospinal tract- the _________ neurons of the rubrospinal tract are internuclei neurons of the spinal cord

A

2nd order

63
Q

In the rubrospinal tract- the __________ neurons are the motor neurons

A

3rd order

64
Q

The rubrobulbar tract decussates in the __________

A

tegmentum

65
Q

What nuclei are a part of the rubrobulbar tract?

A

-main sensory nucleus of trigeminal n.
-spinal trigeminal nucleus
-facial nucleus

66
Q

In the rubrobulbar tract, the fibers decussate in the tegmentum and descend and synapse in the main sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, spinal trigeminal, facial nucleus, and lateral RF. From the RF, it can stimulate the ___________ tract which contains ANS fibers from T1-L2. The nucleus cuneatus and gracilis modulate ascending sensory info

A

reticulospinal

67
Q

Where is the tectum?

A

roof of midbrain posteriorly

68
Q

What is the other name for the tectospinal tract?

A

colliculospinal tract

69
Q

The fibers of the tectospinal tract arise from the deep layers of the ______________ (UMNs are here), sweep anteromedially around the PAG and _______________, decussate and descend as the tectospinal tract

A

superior colliculus, oculomotor nuclei

note: MLF is involved here bc of the eye movements

70
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract terminate?

A

in the ventral horns of upper cervical segments

71
Q

Which tract is responsible for reflex movements of the head and neck to visual stimuli?

A

tectospinal tract

note: its an extra-pyramidal tract for connecting cervical cord for neck and head movements. The majority of the tectospinal tract fibers terminate in the upper cervical segments

72
Q

The association areas (Brodmann’s areas _________) give rise to the fibers of the ____________ tract that descend to terminate in the oculomotor accessory nuclei and the deep layers of the superior colliculus

A

18 and 19, corticotectal

73
Q

Ganglion cells went to the tectum to give visual info to what tract?

A

tectospinal tract

74
Q

The tectospinal tract is involved in the coordination of head movements with eye movements elicited by ________, auditory, or vestibular stimuli

A

visual

(visual is the major input here!)

75
Q

Where do the vestibulospinal tract fibers originate?

A

in the vestibular nucleus

76
Q

Which CN is involved with the vestibulospinal tract?

A

CN VIII

77
Q

Afferents of which tract is received from CN VIII inner ear?

A

vestibulospinal tract

78
Q

The vestibular nuclei receives input fibers from the vestibular n., that carries info from the inner ear, and from the cerebellum. Fibers are ________ and descend as the vestibulospinal tract

A

uncrossed

79
Q

The __________________ tracy activates limb extensor muscles to maintain the body in an upright posture, in response to accelerations that would otherwise lead to falling

A

lateral vestibulospinal

80
Q

Which tract is essential for balance and control of the activity of extensor muscles?

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract

81
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a tract that reflexly activates eye muscles and neck muscles to counter acceleration. The cervical portion of the MLF is also known as the….

A

medial vestibulospinal tract

82
Q

What are the 2 reticulospinal tracts?

A

medullary and pontine reticulospinal tract

83
Q

Which tract arises from the RF present in the medulla and forms the lateral reticulospinal tract?

A

medullary reticulospinal tract (more flexion than other one)

84
Q

Which tract arises from the RF present in the pons and forms the medial reticulospinal tract?

A

pontine reticulospinal tract (keeps you upright)

85
Q

Extending from the medial zone of the pontine and medullary reticular formations, through the spinal cord, and finally terminating on the limb flexors and extensors, the reticulospinal tract controls locomotion and posture. The fibers are ________, descend through the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and terminates in the _______ horns

A

uncrossed, ventral

86
Q

Which 2 tracts influence the motor control of axial (trunk) and proximal limb musculatures and are involved in posture maintenance and orientation of the limbs in an intended direction. Influence muscles involved in voluntary movement and reflex activity

A

medullary and pontine reticulospinal tracts

87
Q

Which tract consists of descending autonomic fibers in the lateran horns?

test q

A

reticulospinal tract

(these autonomic fibers are responsible for controlling some autonomic functions such as heart rate, circulation, breathing, and respiratory rate

88
Q

The corticoreticular fibers arise from the __________ and supplementary motor area. These fibers synapse bilaterally with the neurons of the medial zone of the pontine and medullary RF. Also have input from the basal ganglia, red nucleus, and substantia nigra via the central tegmental tract, these modulate the activity of the reticulobulbar and reticulospinal neurons

A

premotor cortex

89
Q

What does Turn to ViP mean?

A

T= tectospinal for turning the head

V= vestibulospinal

P= pontine/medial reticulospinal

VP helps with with medial axial muscles

90
Q

What does Rest on a Mat mean?

A

R= rubrospinal

M= medullary/lateral reticulospinal

both of these would activate flexors/inhibit extensors to lay down (bc medullary is lateral it can also be used for distal muscles)

91
Q

What pathway is here?

A

LCST

92
Q

What pathway is here?

A

rubrospinal tract

93
Q

What pathway is here?

A

lateral/medullary reticulospinal tract

94
Q

What pathway is here?

A

ACST

95
Q

What pathway is here?

A

medial/pontine reticulospinal tract

96
Q

What pathway is here?

A

tectospinal tract

97
Q

What pathway is here?

A

vestibulospinal tract

Neuroanatomy 2 (31 decks)

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