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Neuroanatomy 2 > ANS Spinal Reflexes Part 1 (Slides 1-34, Quiz 1) > Flashcards

ANS Spinal Reflexes Part 1 (Slides 1-34, Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a reflex?

A

-a rapid, predictable automatic response to a stimulus/message
-involuntary
-involves a receptor, the CNS, and an effector
-outside of conscious control

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2
Q

define monosynaptic reflexes

A

-afferent in, efferent out
-only one junction

(whereas polysynaptic reflexes are afferent> interneuron(s) > efferent out)

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3
Q

What are the 7 steps of a somatic reflex/reflex arc?

A

1) stimulus
2) receptor
3) sensory neuron
4) integration center
5) motor neuron
6) effector
7) response

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4
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

in CNS

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5
Q

A skeletal m. contracts in response to…

A

being stretched

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6
Q

Which nerve class is associated with a muscle spindle and sends APs when the muscle spindle fibers are stretched?

A

1a

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7
Q

T/F: CNS inhibition of ANS output is common

A

true

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8
Q

T/F: all neurons can decide to inhibit reflexes

A

false, only interneurons can do this

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9
Q

Golgi tendon organs (GTO) are proprioceptive. They stimulate 1b fibers and often causes inhibition of __________ neurons. Autogenic inhibition is thought to be a protective mechanism preventing excess tension or for contributing to fine adjustments

A

alpha motor

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10
Q

What is a withdrawal/flexor reflex?

A

-a somatic reflex
-involves a whole limb and several spinal segments
-painful stimuli from cutaneous receptors
-synapse on interneurons on the gray matter
-leave via multiple efferents to different muscles
-all primary afferents must bifurcate on the interneuron
-always polysynaptic

1 stimulus will have 1 afferent go in, multiple efferents go out. The interneuron spreads up and down to adjacent spinal segments, so it activates multiple different circuits. There will be withdrawal from stimulus w/o “checking in” with the brain

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11
Q

What are some examples of crossed effects in reflexes?

A

-only 1 eye constricts with light when both eyes should constrict
-flex a limb to withdraw from pain and then fall over, contralateral limb extends and supports

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of reflexes of the ANS?

A

1) somato-somatic reflex
2) viscero-visceral
3) somato-visceral
4) viscerosomatic

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13
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex?

A

shine bright light in one eye and both pupils should constrict

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14
Q

What are viscerosomatic reflexes?

A

-reflex between an organ and a closely related body part
-hard to pinpoint pain, sweaty, referred pain, muscle spasm

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15
Q

Shoulder pain can later be diagnosed as….

A

gallbladder disease

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16
Q

Flank pain is a precursor to what diagnosis?

A

kidney stones

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17
Q

cardiac ischemia or hypoxia presents as….

A

L arm pain

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18
Q

Fibers from cord segment T1 generally follows up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the….

A

head

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19
Q

Fibers from cord segment T2 generally follows up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the….

A

neck

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20
Q

Fibers from cord segment T3-T6 generally follows up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the….

A

thorax

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21
Q

Fibers from cord segment T7-T11 generally follows up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the….

A

abdomen

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22
Q

Fibers from cord segment T12-L2 generally follows up the sympathetic chain to terminate in the….

A

legs

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23
Q

What spinal cord segments have lateral horns?

A

T1-L2

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24
Q

The white ramus can be remembered as “white out” What classification of nerve fibers exit through here?

A

B fibers

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25
Q

Parasympathetic fibers leave the CNS through cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10; additional parasympathetic fibers leave the lowermost part of the spinal cord through the 2nd and 3rd sacral spinal nerves and occasionally the 1st and 4th sacral nerves. What nucleus does each CN 3, 7, 9, and 10 run through in brainstem?

A

CN 3 runs through Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus

CN 7 runs through superior salivary nucleus

CN 9 runs though the inferior salivary nucleus

CN 10 runs through the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMX nucleus)

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26
Q

About 75% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers are in the….

A

vagus nerve

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27
Q

Fibers that secrete ACh are said to be…

A

cholinergic

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28
Q

Fibers that secrete NE are said to be….

A

adrenergic

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29
Q

All preganglionic neurons are _____________ in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A

cholinergic

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30
Q

T/F: ACh, when applied to the ganglia, will excite both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

true!!!

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31
Q

All/almost all of the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic NS are…

A

cholinergic

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32
Q

Most of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons are…

A

adrenergic

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33
Q

What type of transport is used to move ACh or NE from the soma (nissl bodies) to the axon terminal?

A

anterograde transport

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34
Q

What are varicosities?

A

enlargements/swellings with neurotransmitter vesicles on the postganglionic axon

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35
Q

2 functions of the eyes are controlled by the ANS (dual innervation). What are they?

A

1) the size of the pupillary opening within iris
2) the focus of the lens

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36
Q

What is accommodation?

A

eye maintaining focus

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37
Q

What muscle group helps with accommodation?

A

ciliary body (meridional fibers and circular muscle)

38
Q

Sympathetic stimulation contracts the ______________ of the iris which ________ the pupil

A

meridional fibers, dilates

39
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation contracts the ______________ of the iris to ___________ the pupil

A

circular muscle, constrict

40
Q

The parasympathetic NS controls the pupil as a reflex and it is stimulated when there is an excess of light. The response is to…

A

reduce the amount of light that hits photoreceptors by constricting the pupil

41
Q

In general, sympathetic stimulation increases the overall activity of the heart. This effect is accomplished by increasing both the….

A

rate and force of heart contraction

(parasympathetic stimulation causes mainly opposite effects- decreased heart rate and strength of contraction)

42
Q

What is the average heart rate for adults?

A

70 bpm

43
Q

What is the average stroke volume for adults?

A

70 mL

44
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood that leaves the heart

45
Q

Which ANS increases heart rate?

A

sympathetic NS

46
Q

Which ANS increases stroke volume (contracts with more force)?

A

sympathetic NS

47
Q

Which ANS contracts/constricts the tunica media to increase BP?

A

sympathetic NS

48
Q

Which ANS decreases heart rate?

A

parasympathetic NS

49
Q

Which ANS decreases stroke volume (don’t need a lot of blood out of the heart)?

A

parasympathetic NS

50
Q

Which ANS dilates the tunica media in blood vessels to decrease BP?

A

parasympathetic NS

51
Q

What is the central autonomic network (CAN) composed of?

A

hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic nuclei

52
Q

The single most important hypothalamic nucleus of the central autonomic network is the….

A

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

53
Q

The ________________ descends from the hypothalamus down the brainstem to the spinal cord. It can influence and control the activity of parasympathetic and sympathetic nuclei along the way and projects to the IML in lateral horns- sympathetic out

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

54
Q

What ANS receptors are there for afferent activity in cardiovascular system?

A

baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors) within arteries and chemoreceptors sending info on pH (detects H+), carbon dioxide, oxygen (partial pressure) which initiates an AP

55
Q

Receptors and afferents from the aortic arch reach the brainstem via the ______ nerve

A

vagus (CN X)

56
Q

Receptors and afferents from the carotid artery enter via the ___________ nerve

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

57
Q

Info goes to brainstem within which cranial nerves to synapse on the solitary nucleus?

A

CN X and CN IX

58
Q

Inputs from the heart/blood vessels synapse in the….

A

solitary nucleus

59
Q

The solitary nucleus relays info from the heart and blood vessels to the autonomic centers in the _______________ and sends down negative feedback to visceral motor neurons and ______ nucleus

A

reticular formation, DMX

60
Q

If chemoreceptors detect low oxygen, then the body wants to….

A

increase sympathetic NS

61
Q

If baroreceptors detect high BP, then the body wants to….

A

inhibit sympathetic NS and activate parasympathetic NS

62
Q

The tunica media only receives ___________ output

A

sympathetic

63
Q

What is the major source of excitatory input to sympathetic nerves controlling the vasculature?

A

rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)

64
Q

A blood vessel that is neither constricted or dilated has weak or strong sympathetic tone?

A

weak sympathetic tone

65
Q

When does a blood vessel have no sympathetic input?

A

when its dilated

66
Q

When does a blood vessel have strong sympathetic tone?

A

when its constricted

67
Q

What 3 substances function as vasoconstrictors in blood vessels?

A

1) NE
2) ATP
3) neuropeptide Y (NPY)

68
Q

Which 2 substances regulate vasodilation in blood vessels?

A

ACh and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)

69
Q

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are associated with ______________ nerve activity

A

sympathetic

70
Q

2 separate neural mechanisms regulate respiration- one is responsible for ____________ control and the other for ___________ control

A

voluntary, autonomic

(the voluntary control system is located in the cerebral cortex and sends impulses to the respiratory motor neurons via the corticospinal tracts, whole to automatic system is driven by a group of pacemaker cells in the medulla)

71
Q

Neurons in the cervical spinal cord activate the diaphragm via the __________ nerves

A

phrenic

72
Q

Neurons in the thoracic spinal cord activate the _________________ muscles

A

external intercostal

73
Q

T/F: inspiration is from low pressure to high pressure

A

false, its the opposite- high to low pressure

74
Q

When is the diaphragm the longest?

A

when its relaxed

75
Q

When is the diaphragm the smallest?

A

when its contracted

76
Q

T/F: inspiration is always active, you cannot have inspiration without muscle contraction

A

true

77
Q

T/F: expiration is always passive

A

false, not always

78
Q

The respiratory center is composed of several groups of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brainstem.
1) a dorsal respiratory group which is located in the dorsal portion of the medulla and mainly causes ____________
2) a ventral respiratory group which is located in the ventrolateral part of the medulla and mainly causes _____________
3) the pneumotaxic center which is located dorsally in the superior portion of the pons and mainly controls _____________________

A

inspiration, active expiration, rate and depth of breathing

79
Q

Where are most of the neurons located for the dorsal respiratory group?

A

solitary nucleus

80
Q

The pneumotaxic center is located in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, caudal to the inferior colliculus. Located within…..

A

nucleus parabrachialis

81
Q

Which nuclei is essential for maintaining a normal breathing pattern (switching between inspiration and expiration)?

A

respiratory nuclei/ nucleus parabrachialis

82
Q

When the pneumotaxic signal is strong (small/short volume), inspiration will last for 0.5 second, thus filling the lungs ________

A

slightly

83
Q

When the pneumotaxic signal is weak (large/long volume), inspiration will last for 5+ seconds, thus filling the lungs ___________

A

fully

84
Q

The function of the pneumotaxic center is primarily to limit ____________, which has a secondary effect of increasing the rate of breathing

A

inspiration

85
Q

Which nucleus is the ventral respiratory group found in?

A

nucleus ambiguos

86
Q

The neurons of the ventral respiratory group remain….

A

almost totally inactive during normal quiet respiration

87
Q

Which respiratory center operates as an overdrive mechanism during heavy exercise?

A

ventral respiratory group

88
Q

The hormones of the adrenal medulla are the….

A

catecholamines

89
Q

The adrenal medulla is formed from….

A

neural crest cells

90
Q

The adrenal medulla itself is a modified neural tissue. The medulla functions like a….

A

modified sympathetic ganglion (stress response)

Neuroanatomy 2 (31 decks)

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