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Neuroscience > Motor Lesions > Flashcards

Motor Lesions Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy in UMN vs LMN lesion

A

. LMN: profound or severe

. UMN: disuse

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2
Q

Fasciculations

A

. LMN sign

. Visible irregular contraction over surface of mm.

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3
Q

Fibrillation

A

. LMN sign
. Not visible to naked eye
. Only detectable via EMG

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4
Q

Hypertonia

A

. Spasticity: UMN sign

. Rigidity: basal ganglia disorder (cog-wheel, lead-pipe)

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5
Q

Spasticity

A

. Hypertonia and hyperreflexia
. Seen primarily in anti-gravity mm.
. Velocity dependent
. Slow passive stretch of m. Fails to exhibit inc. in m. Tone
. Rapid passive stretch will exhibit hypertonicity (clasped-knife effect)
. Clonus often seen

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6
Q

Hypotonia

A

. LMN sign

. M. Tone depressed, often m. Flaccid

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7
Q

Disorders that effect coordination

A

. Cerebellar disorders
. Basal ganglia disorders
. Premotor or parietal motor cortex lesion (apraxia)

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8
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

. UMMN sign
. Inc. exaggerated reflexes
. Clonus may be present
. Positive babinski

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9
Q

Disorders that effect gait

A

. Extrapyramidal disorder (destinations gait in parkinson’s)
. Cerebellar disorders (spinocerebellar lesions)
. Loss of sensory input (dorsal column ataxia)

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10
Q

Plegia

A

. Total paralysis
. Quad: all 4 limbs
. Para: both arms or both legs
. Hemi: both limbs on one side of body

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11
Q

Paresis

A

. Weakness of motor function
. Quad: weakness in all limbs
. Para: weakness in both legs or both arms
. Hemi: weakness in both limbs on one side of body

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12
Q

LMN lesion signs

A 
. Focal and severe m. Weakness and plegia
. Dec. m. Tone 
. Dec. reflexes
. No babinski or clonus 
. Profound and severe m. Atrophy 
. M. Fasciculations seen
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13
Q

UPM lesions

A 
. General m. Weakness
. Inc. m. Tone w/ spasticity and clonus 
. Inc. deep tendon reflexes 
. Positive babinski 
. Little if any atrophy (disuse)
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14
Q

primary motor cortex lesion

A

. Contralat. M. Weakness not paralysis
. Paresis is worse for more distal mm. And its effects are seen most when fine, skilled movements are attempted
. Subtle weakness tested for using proctor drift

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15
Q

Premotor cortex lesions

A

. Impairment of ability to develop strategy for complex movements
. No paresis: m. Tone and strength are normal
. Patients make spatial and temporal errors in voluntary movements (apraxia/inability to perform learning skill)
. Individual is able to make simple movements but not complex ones (impair multiple joint coordination)
. Preservation: can start movement but not continue it to achieve goals

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16
Q

Supplementary motor area lesions

A

. Spatial and temporal errors in learned skilled movements
. No weakness
. Inability to coordinate motor actions on 2 sides of body
. Difficulty learning new motor tasks

17
Q

Posterior parietal motor area lesions

A

. Motor disturbances but no weakness
. Difficulty in executing complex movements
. Difficulty w/ proper orientation of hand in relation to an object
. Secondary sensory deficits (agraphesthesia/astereognosia)
. Do not know motor tasks are wrong

18
Q

Cerebellar dysfunction

A 
. Signs on same side of lesion
. Decomposition of movement 
. Ataxia
. Dysmetria: inaccurate range and direction of movements 
. Dysdiadochokinesia
. Intention tremor
. Delays in initiation of movement 
. Hypotonia: in spinocerebellar lesion
. Dysarthria: mechanical parts of speech impaired, speech is slow and slurred
19
Q

Basal ganglia disorders

A

. Voluntary movement dysfunction
. Akinesia: inability to move
. Dyskinesia: presence of abnormal involuntary movement
. Hypertonia or hypotonia

20
Q

Parkinsonism

A 
. Basal ganglia disorder w/ akinesia and hypertonia 
. Dec. dopaminergic nigrostriatal input to striatum 
. Akinesia/bradykinesia
. Difficulty initiating movements
. Cog wheel rigidity 
. Tremor at rest 
. Stooped posture and shuffling gait 
. Fear of losing balance 
. Expressionless face
21
Q

Chorea

A

. Dyskinesia w/ dance-like movements
. Assoc. w/ lesions of corpus striatum
. M. Strength not diminished
. Assoc. w/ Huntington’s

22
Q

Athetosis

A

. Form of dyskinesia
. Slow writhing movements of neck, trunk, and extremities
. Worm-like

23
Q

Choreoathetosis

A

. Combo of chorea and athetosis

24
Q

Ballism

A

. Lesion of subthalmic nucleus

. Symptoms seen contralat. To Lesion

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