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Neuroscience > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of limbic system

A 
. Hippocampal formation 
. Amygdala 
. Septal nuclei 
. Cingulate cortex 
. Entorhinal cortex
. Perihinal cortex
. Parahippocampal cortex
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2
Q

Hippocampus location

A

. Temporal lobe of each cerebral cortex

. Med. to inf. Horn of lat. ventricle

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3
Q

Structures and processes w/in hippocampus

A

. Subiculum
. Hippocampus proper
. Dentate gyrus
. Hippocampus proper and senate gyrus form 2 interlocking Cs

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4
Q

Hippocampus cortex

A

. 3 layers instead of 6 (paleocortex)
. Superficial molecular layer
. Deep polymorphic layer
. Structures are inside-out cortex so the molecular layer is on he side and the polymorphic layer is on the outside
. Middle layer: pyramidal cell layer in hippocampus, granule layer in dentate gyrus

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5
Q

CA3

A

. Area of hippocampus proper that is append by dentate gyrus

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6
Q

Alveus

A

. Polymorphic layer of hippocampus

. Equivalent to white matter of neocortex

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7
Q

Subiculum

A

, transition layer from hippocampus to the parahippocampal gyrus (6 layered cortex)
. Changes gradually from 3 to 6 layers

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8
Q

A major flow of info through the hippocampus comes from the ___

A

. Entorhinal cortex

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9
Q

Functions of hippocampus

A

. Lying down new memories
. Neural activity can modify synaptic strength in certain areas of hippocampus
. Modified synaptic strength (long-term potentiation) may be storage mechanism for memory

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10
Q

Reasoning behind hippocampus. Helping with memory formation

A

. Bilateral lesions of hippocampus cause impairment of recent memory w/ only mild behavioral changes
. Memory for remote events is unaffected ASD well as general intelligence, but person can’t learn new facts
. Anterograde amnesia occurs
. Korsakoff’s syndrome destroys mammillary bodies and have issues forming new memories

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11
Q

Fornix

A

. Major structures into and out of hippocampus

. Contains efferent and afferent fibers

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12
Q

Fornix pathway

A

. Begins as alveus (myelinated aff/efferents)
. Fibers travel post. And aggregate med. to form fimbria of fornix
. Fimbria thickness as it moves post. And splits off from hippocampus forming crura of each hippocampus
. 2 crura come together and form hippocampal commissure providing paths for hippocampi to communicate
. After hippocampal commissure the single fiber bundle is the fornix
. Continues as arc to ant. Commissure

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13
Q

Anterior commissure in relation to hippocampus

A

. Where fornix splits into 3 columns going to different structures
. Some fibers split before ant. Commissure (precommissural fornix)
. Some pass through to contralat. Hippocampus as second path for communication w/ each other
. Some split after the ant. Commissure (Post commissural fornix)

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14
Q

Precommissural fornix

A

. Split just before the ant. Commissure

. Goes to septal nuclei, ventral striatum, and the cingulate cortex

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15
Q

Postcommissural fornix

A

. Goes to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus and ant. Nuclei of thalamus

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16
Q

Amygdala

A

. Integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation
. Collection of small nuclei in mediodorsal portion of temporal lobe
. Ant. And dorsal to tip of inf. Horn of lat. ventricle
. Deep to uncus (periamygdaloid cortex), ant. To hippocampal formation
. Pathways w/ afferent and efferent fibers
. Receives input from all senses and visceral inputs

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17
Q

Visceral inputs to amygdala come from ___

A

. Hypothalamus
. Septal area
. Orbital cortex
. Parabranchial nucleus

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18
Q

Auditory, visual and somatosensory info comes from ___

A

Temporal and ant. Cingulate cortices

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19
Q

Major output pathways of amygdala

A 
. Ant. Olfactory nucleus 
. Ant. Perforated substance 
. Piriform cortex
. Orbitofrontal cortex
. Ant. Cingulate cortex
. Hypothalamus 
. Septal nucleus 
. Ventral striatum
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20
Q

Projections from ventral striatum is important in ____

A

. Links in a basal ganglia important for Stimulus-response assoc. learning

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21
Q

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

A

. Connects hypothalamus and septal nucleus
. Amygdala’s major connection is to hypothalamus and septal nucleus through stria terminalis
. Important bc it is link where motivation and drive can influence responses
. Link where responses are learned and where associative learning takes place

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22
Q

Stria terminalis

A

. Efferents to Septum and hypothalamus
. Similar to fornix of hippocampus
. Connects only to subcortical structures
. 2 amygdala can communicate w/ each other through this or the ant. Commissure

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23
Q

Amygdala functions

A

. Intense emotion

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24
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease

A

. Causes lesions of the amygdala from Ca deposits
. If occurs early in life patients can not discriminate emotion in facial expressions but their ability to identify faces remains

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25
Q

Amygdala lesion affect on emotion

A

. Flat affect, placid

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26
Q

Septal area

A

. Brain region that includes both cortical and subcortical nuclei
. Septal nuclei lie rostral to ant. Commissure and preoptic area near the base of the septum pellucidum
. Functions as pleasure center
. Stimulate provides primary reinforcement for drive related to food or sex
. Lesions result in alterations in sexual or foraging behavior

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27
Q

Afferents to septal nuclei

A

. From hippocampal formation via the fornix (precommissural fibers)
. From amygdala via stria terminalis

28
Q

Efferents from septal nuclei

A

. To the lat. hypothalamus and midbrain tegmentum via med. forebrain bundle (MFB)
. To hippocampus via fornix

29
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

. Assoc. cortex of frontal lone rostral to motor cortices (areas 9-12)
. Connected to limbic system and assoc. cortices via reciprocal connections to dorsomed. Thalamus nucleus, amygdala, hippocampal formation, brainstem nuclei
. Function: determine affective reactions to present situations not he basis of past experienced
. Judgement and foresight

30
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

.prominent gyrus on medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
. Receive inputs from prefrontal cortex and projects to the hippocampal formation via cingulum bundle
. Heavily connected w/ thalamus (ant. Nuclei) which is connected to hippocampal formation via fornix and hypothalamus via mamillothalamic tract

31
Q

Cingulate gyrus functions

A

. Ant. Cingulate responds to physical pain
. Causes alterations in respiration and circulation (dec.), altered gut stuff (dec.), and pupillary dilation
. Causes inhibition of ongoing movements during pain stimulus
. Effects mediated through connections w/ hippocampal formation, hypothalamus and amygdala

32
Q

Anterior nucleus of thalamus

A

. Receives inputs from hypothalamus via mammilothalamic tract and from the hippocampus via fornix
. Projects to cingulate gyrus

33
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

A

. Receives amygdaloid inputs and inputs from prefrontal cortex
. Projects back to prefrontal cortex

34
Q

Substantia innominata

A

. Basal forebrain structure
. Contains basal nucleus of Meynert
. Scattered groups of large cholinergic neurons
. Projects throughout neocortex, mostly prefrontal cortex
. Provides link btw limbic system and neocortex
. Shows marked cel loss in Alzheimer’s

35
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

. Area where caudate and putamen are continuous ventrally
. Special area functionally; highly connected w/ limbic system
. Has modulators role in regulating motivationally based motor behaviors
. Acts ass primary brain interface btw motivational state and motor behavior
. Par of brain circuit translates motivation into action
. Part of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system
. Plays role in mediating additions to drugs (acute reinforcing effects and motivational aspects fo drug withdrawal)

36
Q

Paper circuit

A

. One of the major pathways of limbic system
. Involved in cortical control of learning and memory, emotion and social behavior
. Plays role in storing memory

37
Q

General function of hypothalamus

A

. Influence on ANS
. Integrate autonomic and neuroendocrine system
. Higher nervous center for control of lower autonomic centers in brainstem and spinal cord

38
Q

Suprachiasmatic hypothalamus function

A

. Sets circadian rhythm

39
Q

Supraoptic/paraventricular hypothalamus

A

. Oxytocin and ADH synthesis/release

40
Q

What part of hypothalamus has parasympathetic activity?

A

Anterior and medial hypothalamus
. Area inc. vagal and sacral autonomic activity
. Pupils constrict, dec. HR, inc. gut motility

41
Q

Sympathetic activity is localized in what part fo hypothalamus?

A

. Lateral and posterior hypothalamus
. Activates thoracolumbar outflow
. Pupils dilate, inc. HR, bp, respiration, dec. gut motility

42
Q

Thermoregulators in hypothalamus

A

. Temp control at 37 C w/ body temp lowest during sleep
. Neurons controlling this located in ant. Hypothalamus-preoptic region
. Inc. in core body temp activates anterior/preoptic regions of hypothalamus
. Dec. in core temp activates neurons in post. Region of hypothalamus

43
Q

Changes that will promote heat loss

A

. Sweating
. Cutaneous vasodilation
. Behavior (turning on fan, removing clothes)

44
Q

Changes that prevent/dec. heat production

A

. Dec. mm. Tone and activity
. Dec. secretion of thyroid hormone and E
. Dec. appetite

45
Q

Lesions of anterior hypothalamus

A

May result in hyperthermia in hot environment or states of inc. metabolic activity
. 41 degrees: convulsions occur
. 43 degrees: death

46
Q

Changes that prevent/dec. heat loss

A

. Cutaneous vasoconstriction

. Behavioral changes

47
Q

Changes that promote heat production

A

. Shivering and inc. muscle tone

. Inc. secretion of thyroid hormone and E

48
Q

Lesions of posterior hypothalamus

A

. May result in hypothermia in cold environment
. Core body temp falls and confusion results
. At 28 degrees thermoregulation is lost and will continue to decline until death

49
Q

Bilateral lesions of posterior hypothalamus

A

. Result in inability to regulate body temp. In any environment due to destruction of area involved in heat production/conservation and descending fibers from heat-dissipation areas in ant. Hypothalamus

50
Q

Products of macrophages in response to infections that are considered to be endogenous pyrogens

A

. IL-1
. IL-6
. TNF-a

51
Q

Interleukin-1

A

. Enters brain where BBB is lacking and stimulates neurons in pyrogenic zone in med. preoptic area
. Stimulates glial cels to produce cytokines and prostaglandins

52
Q

PGE2 during fever

A

. Inc activity of cold-sensitive neurons and inhibitory warm-sensitive ones
. This inc. temp set point and body temp rises until new set point is reached
. Shivering cessation of sweating and vasoconstriction lead to inc. body temp
. Aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit PGE2 synthesis to slow fevers

53
Q

Antipyretic area

A

. Includes septal nuclei
. Become active when body temp rises to limit magnitude of fever
. Neurons are sensitive to ADH
. ADH injections into this area counteract fever

54
Q

Food intake centers

A

. 2 centers
. Influences by circulating blood glucose and other emotional cues
. No neural receptors for calories ingested

55
Q

How is feeling of satiety triggered?

A

Combo of plasma glucose levels, GI distension, body temp., and levels of peptide hormones

56
Q

Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

. Satiety center
. Neurons respons to high glucose levels and signal sense of fullness
. CCK is satiety factor released by duodenum. And jejunum in response to high fat
. Stimulation inhibits food intake

57
Q

Leptin

A

. Circulation levels proportional to adipose tissue
. Acts on receptor in lat. hypothalamus to counteract effects of neuropeptide y and anandamine (potent feeding sitmulants)

58
Q

Lesions of ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

A

. Result in hyperphagia
. Compulsive overeating
. Result in obesity

59
Q

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

A

. Feeding center
. Neurons respond to low glucose levels
. Lesions result in impairment or abolishment of desire to eat and can lead to death by starvation
. Amphetamines inhibit food by enhancing NE and dopamine levels in this nucleus

60
Q

Ghrelin

A

. Stimulates appetite

. Produced in stomach and upper SI in respose to weight loss

61
Q

Thirst center

A

. Ant. And lat. regions of hypothalamus
. Tied to supraoptic/ADH system
. Stimulation causes consumption of large amounts of fluids
. Lesions result in reduction of fluid intake
. Water satiety center is tried to satiety center and are not usually exclusive functions

62
Q

Hypothalamus in relation to emotions

A

. Feelings subjectively is only in cerebral cortex

. Emotional reactions and physical expressions of emotion are mediated through hypothalamic-autonomic connections

63
Q

Preoptic region in relation to sexual activity

A

. Regulates release of gonadotropin hormones from ant. Lobe of pituitary
. Release is cyclical in females
. Release is topical w/ regular fluctuations in males
. Important in mounting/ male behaviors whereas ventromed. Nucleus does female behaviors like lordosis
. Identical in both sexes until just before birth when testosterone in males makes it larger

64
Q

What part of brain evokes flight responses?

A

Lateral part of the anterior hypothalamus

65
Q

Intense stimulation of ventromedial nucleus evokes ___

A

Hissing, snarling, baring of teethe and biting response

66
Q

Stimulation of preoptic area ___

A

Evokes a pleasure able sensation while stimulating VM produces avoidance reaction

67
Q

Waking center and sleeping center

A

. . Anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area
. Promotes sleep through synthesis of prostaglandin PGD2 and an awake center in posterior hypothalamus promotes waking through synthesis of PGE2
. Lesions of sleep center result in prolonged periods of wakefulness
. Lesions of wake center result in hypersomnolence (inclination to sleep all the time)

Neuroscience (31 decks)

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