Motor Control and Motor Learning Flashcards
MOTOR CONTROL
regulate the mechanisms essential to movement; organize functional movement
motor control includes the…
neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement
3 theorectical models of motor control
hierarchical
motor program
dynamic systems
HIERARCHICAL MODEL
- top down
- higher centers of the nervous system control or inhibit actions of the lower centers
highest level of control, allowing for volitional movements and higher level coordinated activities like equilibrium
cortex
controls righting reactions
midbrain
controls primitive reflexes
brainstem and spinal cord
babies are born with primarily
brainstem control and their movements are governed by reflexes
in a hierarchical model of motor control, damage to the nervous system results in
regression of neural function from cortical control back to the brainstem
MOTOR PROGRAM MODEL
- brain like computer
- skill acquisition is based on stimulus and response; afferent and efferent sensory information enters the brain, is processed in the brain, and through trial and error a skill can be learned
developmental delay can also result in
cognitive delay
SENSORY FEEDBACK CONTROL
the result of movement and concurrent corrections
-requires accurate practice and slower movements
EXTRINSIC FEEDBACK
visual, tactile, auditory, or motivational
INTRINSIC FEEDBACK
internal sensory information from within the body
proprioception
SCHEMA THEORY
abstract memory representation for an automatic movement that does not require feedback
(all possible steps in a movement)
memory trace
remembers movement
perceptual trace
guides body through movement pattern; what a movement should feel like
GENERALIZED MOTOR PROGRAMING
develops over practice and provides basis for generating movement sequences within a class of movements that share the same features memory structure that provides instructions for movements of a certain type modifiable and generalizable
INVARIANT FEATURES
unmodifiable variables which include the sequence of the motor pattern, the relative timing, and the relative force
PARAMETERS
modifiable variables in a generalized motor program
muscles you select, overall duration, overall force
DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MODEL
multiple variables establish a context for movement
individual is considered in how they learn and perform a motor skill
individual, task, environment
purpose of motor control theories
understand the underlying neural, behavioral, and physical characteristics that impact motor skill acquisition for those who have an injury
