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Nurological Physiotherapy > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

what is motor control

A

the ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

what are you looking for when it comes to motor control?

A
  • coordination of movements
  • accuracy
  • speed
  • stability
  • selectiveness
  • smoothness of movements
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3
Q

What does motor control rely on?

A

Complex and coordinated interactions between various parts of the central nervous system

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4
Q

Are the three stages of motor control

A

Perception
Cognition
Action

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5
Q

Describe the perception stage of motor control

A

Sensing, perceiving, interpreting

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6
Q

Describe the cognition stage of motor control

A

Conceptualisation, strategy planning

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7
Q

Describe the action stage of motor control

A

Activation and execution

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8
Q

What do nociceptors detect?

A

pain

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9
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect?

A

Temperature changes

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10
Q

What do proprioceptors detect?

A

Movement

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11
Q

What is the job of receptors?

A

To detect information, which is then transmitted to the spinal cord via sensory nerves (afferent nerves)

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12
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Changes in muscle length

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13
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs detect

A

Tension in the muscle

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14
Q

What do both muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ stimulate?

A

To reflex arc

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15
Q

what does the vestibular apparatus detect

A
  • montion
  • spatial orientation
  • Head position
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16
Q

Where is auditory information sent?

A

Temporal lobe

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17
Q

Where is vision information sent

A

Occipital lobe

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18
Q

What is the somatosensory system?

A

Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, position, movement, and vibration

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19
Q

Describe the stretch reflex

A
  • relies on muscle spindle information
  • is triggered when a muscle is lengthened
  • it is designed to prevent overstretching of the muscle by causing reflex contraction of the length and muscle
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20
Q

how does stretch reflex occur

A
  • in the spinal cord, the sensory impulses directly excite a single motor and you’re on leading to the agonist muscle
  • the sensory impulses also stimulates an inhibitory association neuron in the spinal cord. This neuron inhibits the mating neuron, leading to the antagonist.
  • reciprocal innovation results when the stretching muscle in the opposing muscle relaxes
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21
Q

Describe the tendon reflex

A
  • relies on Golgi tendon organ information
  • is triggered when tension is building up.
  • this is designed to prevent hearing of a muscle by causing a reflex relaxation of the muscle
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22
Q

Explain how the tendon reflex works

A
  • receptors respond to muscle tension via the Golgi tendon organ
  • increased tension stimulates receptors which increases nerve impulses to the spinal cord
  • this causes the muscle to relax by decreasing the nerve impulses to the spinal cord, so inhibits the agonist and activates the antagonist
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23
Q

How is sensory information, processed and refined before sending to the motor cortex and muscles

A

Done through the cortical association area:
- sensory processing in the thalamus
- basal ganglia
- Cerebellum

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24
Q

What happens once a movement is planned

A

It is supplied as a signal in a feedforward manner to be executed

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25
Q

What happens once a movement has started

A

Receptors can provide feedback about the movement and allow for signals to be altered and refine the movement

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26
Q

Which part of the brain plays an important role in relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex

A

The thalamus

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27
Q

Where is sensory information organised

A

In the sensory homunculus

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28
Q

What are the different roots of the basal ganglia?

A

Direct pathway (excitatory)
Indirect pathway (inhibits, unwanted movement)

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29
Q

What is the basal ganglia influenced by?

A

Dopamine

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30
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved in?

A
  • planning and control of complex motor behaviour
  • initiating movement through outputs to supplementary motor areas
  • prevents unwanted movements
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31
Q

Why does death of dopamine containing cells in the brain cause Parkinson’s disease symptoms?

A

There’s not enough dopamine to regulate the direct and indirect pathways which causes an unbalanced

32
Q

Why is the cerebellum described as having an “auto pilot function”

A

Cerebellum continually compares the higher brains intention with the bodies performance and send out messages to initiate the appropriate corrective measures, e.g. take longer step to avoid tripping

33
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A
  • balance
  • coordination
  • correction of movement
  • comparator
34
Q

What symptoms might you observe in someone with cerebellar damage?

A
  • balance problems
  • gait disorders
  • difficulties in coordination resulting in ataxia
  • uncoordinated movements
  • imbalance
  • speech problems(dysarthria),
  • visual problems (nystagmus)
  • vertigo as a part of the vestibulocerebellar system.
35
Q

What is the role of the premotor cortex?

A

Assist with proximal, preparation and control of distal movements (e.g.shoulder movement for reaching to grasp objects)

36
Q

What is the role of the supplementary cortex?

A
  • coordinates bilateral movements e.g. clasping hands
  • assist in assembly of central motor programs
37
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex?

A
  • it’s interacts with sensory processing areas, basal ganglia, and cerebellum, to identify where we want to move, to plan the movement and execute our actions
  • it initiates movements on contralateral
38
Q

What symptoms you observe in someone with motor cortex damage?

A
  • Weakness or paralysis
  • Impaired coordination
  • Spasticity
  • Loss of voluntary movement control
  • exaggerated or diminished reflex responses.
39
Q

What are spinal tracts

A

Your pathways within the spinal cord that carry information to, and from the brain/body

40
Q

What is an ascending spinal tract?

A

Sensory pathways that carry somatic sensory information up to the brain

41
Q

What is a descending spinal tract?

A

Motor pathways that send information from the brain to the spinal cord

42
Q

What are the three conscious ascending spinal tracts

A
  • fasciculus cuneatus (supplies proprioception and vibration info to lower limbs)
  • gascuculus gracilis (supplies proprioception and vibration info to upper limbs)
  • spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, pressure info)
43
Q

What is the unconscious ascending spinal tract?

A

Spinalcerebellar

44
Q

What are the pyramidal descending spinal tracts?

A

pyramidal tract: in cerebral cortex - conscious control of movement
- corticospinal: fine, skilled, consious movement (helps produce output via motor cortex)
- corticobulbar: movements of the face

45
Q

describe the extrapyramidal descending spinal tracts

A

extrapyramidal (in brainstem - unconscious control of movement)
- vestibulo spinal: increase extensor tone, inhibits flexor tone
- rubrospinal - decreases extensor tone, inhibits flexor tone
- recticulo spinal: regulation of vuluntary movement
- tectospinal - postural adjustments to visual stimuli

46
Q

How are motor programs learned and refined?

A

Repetitive use

47
Q

Explain how most programs are learned and refined

A
  • ongoing movement is detected by proprioceptors muscles and joints and feedback control allows corrections to be made whenever of the outcome does not match the goal
  • overtime this feedback will influence feedforward signals designed by the cortex
48
Q

What are features of the early cognitive phase of motor learning?

A
  • trial and error
  • repetition
  • performance-based focus
  • person needs to work out what’s relevant and organise a movement pattern that leads to successful task completion
  • multiple regions involved: cerebellum, visual and pre-frontal cortices
  • extrinsic feedback – hands-on, verbal, visual
49
Q

What are the features of the autonomous phase of motor learning?

A
  • automatic
  • Motor programs are stored
  • Cognitive demand decreases
  • effortless
  • primarily motor cortex
  • intrinsic feedback
50
Q

What are the features of the associative phase of mator learning?

A
  • Learning how to perform a skill, refining and adapting
  • intrinsic feedback
  • more outcome based
51
Q

Define Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the brain and nervous system to change structurally and functionally as a result of input from the environment.
RELEARNING

52
Q

How does Neuroplasticity occur?

A

Neurons in the brain sprout and form synapses.
A
s the brain processes, sensory information frequently use synapses are strengthened, while unused synapses are weakned

53
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

The formation of synapses

54
Q

What are the principles of Neuroplasticity?

A
  1. Use it or lose it: you’re all connections lose strength when they are not being used
  2. Use it and improve it.: neural pathways grow stronger than more they are used
  3. Specific: your brain forms a specific circuitry response to specific activities
  4. Salience Matters: brain exercises must be meaningful to you in order to yield lasting change
  5. Transference: working to improve one skill may transfer its benefits to enhancing others
  6. Interference: neuroplastic changes that result from maintaining a bad habit can interfere with learning and adopting a new good habit
  7. Time matters: it takes avrying amounts of time for the brain to change depending on how complex or foreign the new behaviour or skill is to you
  8. Age matters: younger brains are more plastic but neurogenesis and plasticity continue at any age and phase of life
  9. Repitition matters: consistency is the key to building new synapses and solidifying new skills
  10. Intensity matters: neuroplstic changes result from incremental progressive challenges to elicit a positive growth response
55
Q

what are some key principles on how we can influence motor learning

A
  • increase feedback
  • proprioceptive input
  • facilitation
  • normal movement
  • repitition and practice
  • whole and part task practice
    consider the individual, task and environment
  • keep it functional
56
Q

how is motor movements controlled

A
  • cerebrum and basal ganglia are essential for successful motor performance
  • they project directly into upper motor neurons
  • these upper motor neurons then project to lower motor neurons which then stimulate muscle activity
  • continual sesnory feedback is provided to inform the brain about the bodies position and movement
57
Q

where are upper motor neurons located

A

cerebral cortex and brainstem

58
Q

what are upper motor neurons

A

first order neurons which are responsible for carrying the electrical impulses that initiate and modulate movement.

59
Q

what do upper motor neurons synapse directly onto

A

lower mototr neurons

60
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

transmit impulses via spinal peripheral nerves or cranial nerves to skeletal muscles

61
Q

what are the 3 types of lower motor neuron and what target do they innervate

A
  • branchial - cranial nerves
  • visceral - autonomic nervous system (smooth muscle and glands)
  • somatic - skeletal muscle
62
Q

what do upper motor neurons excite

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons

63
Q

what are the negative problems of upper motor neurons

A

lack of excitation means less stimulus to the lower motor neurons and therefore less/ no activity
leads to:
- weakness
- sensory loss
- hypotonia
- fatigue

64
Q

what are the positive probelms of nupper motor neurons

A

excition with reduced inhibition
so
- inscreased tone
- hyperreflexia

65
Q

what is spasticity

A

abnormally high muscle tone, which often affects antagonistic muscle groups

66
Q

what is spasticity dependent on

A

amplitude and velocity
speed and force

67
Q

how is spasticity best assessed

A

using rapid movements of the relevant joint to effect muscles involved.
when a threshold velocity, angle, or amplitude is reached then a sudden increase in tone can be detected as a characteristic ‘catch’

68
Q

how is spasticity shown in upper limbs

A

affects flexors

69
Q

how is spasticity shown in the lower limbs

A

affects extensors

70
Q

what are common adult spasticities in the upper limb

A

flexed elbow
clenched fist
flexed wrist

71
Q

what are common adult spasticities in the lower limb

A

equinivarus foot
plantar flexed foot or ankle
flexed toes

72
Q

define rigidity

A

where the increased tone remains constant throught the range of moevement

73
Q

how can rigidity be detected

A

can be detectable with very slow movements

74
Q

in what muscles is rigidity present

A

equally present in flexor and anxtensor muscles so has a ‘uniform quality’ in all directions so is often refered to lead-pipe rigidity

75
Q

why can there be cogwheeling type of rigidity

A

rigidity frequently rises in diseases of the basal ganglia so a tremor can coexist

76
Q
A

Nurological Physiotherapy (19 decks)

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