Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Flashcards
drive reduction
physiological need creates aroused tension (drive) that motivates you to satisfy the need (driven by homeostasis: equilibrium)
primary drive
unlearned drive based on survival (hunger, thirst)
secondary drive
learned drive (wealth or success)
incentive theory
driven by external rewards
intrinsic motivation
inner motivation – you do it because you like it
extrinsic motivation
motivation to obtain a reward (trophy)
Festinger
originated the theory of cognitive dissonance
optimum arousal is also called:
Yerkes Dodson Law
Yerkes Dodson Law (optimum arousal)
humans seek optimum levels of arousal
easier tasks require more arousal, harder tasks need less
Physiological (level of MHoN)
first level
food, water, rest
Safety (level of MHoN)
second level
security
Love/Belonging (level of MHoN)
third level
intimate relationships, friends
Esteem (level of MHoN)
fourth level
feeling of accomplishment
Self-actualization (level of MHoN)
achieving one’s full potential
Hormones that signal to eat
orexin, Ghrelin
Hormones that signal to stop eating
PYY, leptin
lateral hypothalamus
stimulated makes you hungry; lesioned you will never eat again. (I’m LATE for lunch. I’m hungry. The LATEral hypothalamus makes you hungry.)
ventromedial hypothalamus
when stimulated you feel full, when destroyed you eat eat eat eat
what does obesity increase the risk of
heart attack, hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes
set point
control systems dictates how much fat you should carry – every person is different
anorexia
weight loss of at least 15% of ideal weight, distorted body image
causes of eating disorders
overly critical parents, perfectionistic tendencies, societal ideals
bulimia
usually normal body weight, go through a binge-purge eating pattern (eat massive amounts, then throw up)
hypothalamus
stimulation increases sexual behavior, destruction leads to sexual inhibition
sexual response pattern
excitement phase, plateau, orgasm, refractory period (resolution phase) (cannot “fire” again until reset, guys only)
Alfred Kinsey
created Kinsey scale of homosexuality; studies lacked a representative sample
James Lange
theory of emotion:
stimulus -> arousal (SNS) -> emotion
(older theory)
Canon Bard
theory of emotion:
stimulus -> arousal / emotion simultaneous
(older theory)
Schacter Two Factor
theory of emotion:
stimulus -> arousal -> label/emotion simultaneous
(new theory)
Lazarus Appraisal
theory of emotion:
stimulus -> label -> arousal / emotion
(LL – Lazarus Labels First)
(new theory)
Eckman’s theory
there are six universal emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, disgust, fear
(think Inside Out + surprise)
facial feedback hypothesis
being forced to smile will make you happier (cartoon study with pencil in mouth)
Display rules
social group or culture’s norms of how to express certain emotions
industrial / organizational psych
psych of the work – employee recruitment, training, satisfaction, productivity
ergonomics / human factors
intersection of engineering and psych – focuses on safety and efficiency of human-machine interactions
Hawthorne effect
productivity increases when workers are made to feel important (teacher teaches when principal comes in)
Theory X Management
manager controls employees, enforces rules. good for lower-level jobs
Theory Y Management
manager gives employees responsibility, looks for input. good for high level jobs
problem-focused coping
solving or doing something to alter the course of stress (planning, acceptance)
emotion-focused coping
reducing the emotional distress (denial, disengagement)
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
three phases of a stress response:
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
who came up with GAS theory
Selye
Alarm (stage of GAS)
body/you freak out in response to stress
Resistance (stage of GAS)
body/you are dealing with stress
Exhaustion (stage of GAS)
body/you cannot take any more, give up
approach-approach conflict
win-win situation; conflict is which win you have to choose
approach-avoidance conflict
win-lose situation; outcome has positive and negative aspects (marriage)
avoidance-avoidance conflict
lose-lose; both outcomes are bad but you have to choose one (clean your room or do your homework)
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
two or more win-lose situations; conflict is which to choose (college A is good for major but not scholarship, college B is good for scholarship but not major)
preconscious
unconscious at a particular moment but not repressed (like phone numbers)
unconscious
unavailable to awareness
id
our hidden true animalistic wants and desires – operates on the pleasure principle, all about rewards and avoiding pain (devil on your shoulder – entirely unconscious)
superego
our moral conscious (angel on your shoulder; both conscious, preconscious, and unconscious)
ego
reality principle, has to deal with society, stuck mediating between the id and superego (you! – conscious & preconscious)
when are defense mechanisms used
when ego can not mediate between the id and superego
repression
push memories back into the unconscious mind (sexual abuse is too traumatic to deal with so you repress it)
projection
attribute personal shortcomings and faults onto others (man who wants to have an affair accuses his wife of having one)
denial
refuse to acknowledge reality (refuse to believe you have cancer)
displacement
shift feelings from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one (can’t yell at a teacher, go home and yell at a dog)
reaction formation
transform unacceptable motive into his opposite (acting aggressively nice when you dislike someone)
regression
transform into an earlier development period in the face of stress (during exam week you start to suck your thumb)
rationalization
replace a less acceptable reasoning with a more acceptable one (don’t get into your college – justify it was a bad college anyway)
sublimation
replace unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one (teen with angry urges joins a wrestling team)
Oral stage
0-18 months
pleasure focuses on mouth
id forms
Anal stage
18-36 months
pleasure involves eliminative functions
ego forms
Phallic stage
3-6 years
pleasure focuses on genitals
superego forms
Oedipal complex
young boys learn to identify with their father out of fear of retribution (castration anxiety)
Electra complex
young girls learn to identify with their mother because they cannot with their father (penis envy)
Part of Phallic Stage
latency stage
6 years to puberty
psychic time out – personality is set
Genital stage
adulthood
sexual reawakening – oedipal and electra “feelings” are repressed, turn sexual wants onto an appropriate person
Fixation
can become “stuck” in an earlier stage – influences personality (oral stage smokes/drinks, anal is “anal retentive”, phallic is promiscuous)
good about Freud
1st theory on personality
sparked psychoanalysis
psychoanalysis
analyze a person’s unconscious motives
free association
say aloud everything that comes to mind without hesitation
(psychoanalysis)
transference
looks for feelings to transfer to psychologist
(psychoanalysis)
dream interpretation
analyze the manifest and latent content
(psychoanalysis)
projective tests
ambiguous stimuli shown to look at your unconscious motives (awful and very subjective)
(psychoanalysis)
thematic apperception test (TAT)
tell a story about a picture (when someone has a tattoo (TAT) you ask what it means)
(projective test – psychoanalysis)
Rorschach inkblot test
show an inkblot
(projective test – psychoanalysis)
Carl Jung
Neo-Freudian
believed in the collective unconscious (shared inherited reservoir of memory – explains common myths across civilizations and time)
Karen Horney
Neo-Freudian
said personality develops in the context of social relationships, NOT sexual urges
(security not sex is motivation, men get womb envy)
factor analysis
used to find traits in people
statistical procedures used to identify similar components
what is wrong with Big Five / CANOE
ignores the role of the situation in behavior
what is good about Big Five / CANOE
identifying traits gives us perspectives about careers, relationships, health
MMPI
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
personality inventory – used to assess and diagnose mental health disorders
Carl Rogers
talked about our self-concept (idea of who we are). your self-concept is the center of your personality.
actual (social) self
what others see
ideal (true) self
what you WANT to be
positive self-concept
makes us perceive the world positively (optimist)
negative self-concept
makes us feel dissatisfied and unhappy
reciprocal determinism
suggests that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. dynamic interplay between personal, environmental, and behavioral factors.
self-efficiacy
belief that one can succeed, so you ensure you do
what is wrong with social-cognitive perspective
too specific, cannot generalize
