Motivation - Chpt 9 Textbook

Question 1

What is a motive? What is an instinct?

Answer 1

Motive: Forces that drive us to act in certain ways and not in others
Instinct: Genetically endowed tendency to act in a certain way

Question 2

What is the drive-reduction account of motivation?

Answer 2

Deviations in homeostasis can create an internal state of biological or psychological tension called drive (to eat, sleep, etc). The drive calls forth a behavior that reduces the drive and you return to equilibrium

Question 3

What is the difference between things that are intrinsically vs. extrinsically rewarding?

Answer 3

Intrinsic: Incentive that are an inherent part of an activity or object to which we are drawn (for example playing basketball because it is fun)
Extrinsic: Not as integral part of an activity, but are less directly associated with it (being paid to mow the lawn)

Question 4

What are some of the ways that culture influences our eating?

Answer 4

Different cultures value different body sizes
It also impacts what (different delicacies) and when we eat

Question 5

What is anorexia nervosa? How common is it?

Answer 5

Intense fear of gaining weight; they believe they are fat even though they may be thin
1 in 100 women; men three times less likely

Question 6

What is bulimia nervosa? How common is it?

Answer 6

Binge eating and compensating for the large amount of food by throwing up, etc.
Between 1 and 2 women; men three times less likely

Question 7

What is the thrifty gene hypothesis?

Answer 7

Evolutionary perspective that more people are overweight / obese now because our ancestors lived in a time when food supplies were unpredictable / food shortages were common

Question 8

Is there evidence for a genetic basis of sexual orientation?

Answer 8

Yes, sexual orientation is more likely in identical and fraternal twins.

Question 9

What is the motive to belong? Why does a sense of belonging matter?

Answer 9

Drive reduction; feel less isolated and lonely, emotional support

Question 10

What is the motive to achieve?

Answer 10

We want to avoid failing, but we also want to succeed

Question 11

What is performance vs. mastery orientation?

Answer 11

Performance orientation: Focus on performing well and looking smart or not failing and not looking stupid
Mastery orientation: By a focus on learning and improving

Question 12

What is a fixed vs. growth mindset?

Answer 12

Fixed mindset: Abilities are fixed and not likely to change in the future
Growth mindset: Assumes abilities can change and grow in response to learning and new experiences

Question 13

What does it mean to say that motives are hierarchically organized?

Answer 13

Lower-order physiological motives are at the bottom, safety motives are higher up, motive for belonging, desire for esteem and self-actualization is the highest

Question 14

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 14

Higher order needs (such as self-actualization) dominate only when lower-order needs (such as hunger) are satisfied.

Question 15

What is self-control? What are common examples of self-control failures?

Answer 15

When our motives or emotions conflict with our longer term interests, we engage in self-control, which refers to the efforts we make to pursue our longer term interests when they conflict with momentarily impulses.

Obesity, drinking, drug-use, gambling, road rage, infidelity.

Question 16

What are strategies people use to regulate emotions?

Answer 16

Reappraisal - Cognitive change to decrease emotional response by changing the meaning a situation has
Suppression - Occurs when someone tries to decrease the emotion they show on their face or in their behavior